Garra andruzzii
(Vinciguerra, 1924) Colli, Paglianti, Berti, Gandolfi and Tagliavini 2009
| ORDER | SUB-ORDER | FAMILY |
|---|---|---|
| Cypriniformes | Cyprinoidei | Cyprinidae |
Note
Historical notes
The first six specimens were collected in an unspecified date by Lieutenant Giovani Zaccarini, a geographer who played an active role in the ichthyological exploration of the inland waters id Italian Somaliland. Dr Alcibiade Andruzzi, Navy mediacl major and at that time Director of the Colonial Health Service of Somali, took care of some naturalistic inverstigations on behalf of the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova. Thus, when he received the material collected by Zaccarini, he shipped the fishes to Professor Decio Vinciguerra, ichthyologist of that Museum, who examined and described them as belonging to a new genus and species. (Details from Berti and Messana 2010).
Synonyms
Phreatichthys andruzzii Vinciguerra 1924
Country
SomaliaTypes
Described from a syntype series: MSNG 18.259 (originally 6 specimens, now 4), MSNM 31 (ex MSNM 4318 (1 specimen). This species is the type species by monotypy of the genus Phreatichthys.
Distribution
Distributed over a small area in central Somalia, details given in Table 11 (from Ercolini, Berti, Chelazzi, and Messana 1982) (c. 4o11’N, 46o28’E).
Known collection sites for Garra andruzzii. * = type locality.
| Locality | Latitude | Longitude | Altitude(m) | References |
| Bud Bud * | 04o11'19"N | 46o28'21"E | 135 | Ercolini et al. (1982) |
| Gal Ef | 04o12'07"N | 46o28'10"E | 135 | Ercolini et al. (1982) |
| El Dirri | 04o20'20"N | 46o36'30"E | 150 | Ercolini et al. (1982) |
| Diptias | ? | ? | ? | Sbordoni et al. (1996) |
| Damairor | ? | ? | ? | Sbordoni et al. (1996) |
| Gheriale | ? | ? | ? | Sbordoni et al. (1996) |
| El Dauao | ? | ? | ? | Sbordoni et al. (1996) |
Habitat
Very little known. The distribution area of this species is in evaporite formations and collection sites are accessed only by man-made wells. It is likely that the fishes inhabit an extensive area of relatively small fissures thought this is not proven. Messana, Chelazzi and Baccetti (1985) record that while most of the karstic system of Somalia is composed of small cavities there are exceptions and some large cavities exist (e.g. Manas and Taleh). The species is capable of tolerating a large range of salinity values since the well at El Dirri is about twice as saline (and twice as hard) as the Bud-Bud well. Various aquatic troglobitic crustaceans have been taken in the wells and may form part or all of the diet of this fish (information from Ercolini, Berti, Chelazzi, and Messana 1982:228-230). Andreoli (1981) provided details of the flora present in the waters inhabited by G. andruzzii. These may provide a basis for the ecosystem.
Systematics
The relationships of this species are not well understood. Banister (1984:934) suggests that at the generic level there are osteological similarities to the genus Garra. Howes (1991) placed this species (together with Barbopsis devecchii and Caecobarbus geertsii) in the barbin lineage of the subfamily Cyprininae. A detailed electrophoretic study allowed Sbordoni, DeMatthaeis, Mattoccia, Berti and Sbordoni (1996) to calculate Nei’s genetic distance (D) between this species and the other Somali hypogean cyprinid Barbopsis devecchii. Their value of D=0.7 falls within the range for species (0.004-3.000) showing that G. andruzzii is a good species. During this study samples from three of the seven known sites for this species were examined and the electrophoretic data strongly suggest that gene flow between sites is restricted or absent. This has lead to pronounced genetic subdivisions between populations and significant heterozygosity. Colli et al. (2009) found ………. All of the distinctive morphological features of this species are due to evolution underground (troglomorphy) and cannot be used to assess its relationships. It seems likely that the different degrees of troglomorphy exhibited by the Somali cyprinids is the result of different lengths of time isolated in caves. Garra andruzzii is the most troglomorphic and this may be because climatic factors (desertification) forced its ancestors underground first.
Conservation Status
VU D2 (IUCN 1996), VU D2 (IUCN 2000). In large areas of Somalia pumps are now being used to remove water from wells. If this is carried out over a long period without replenishment of ground water by rain the water table will inevitably fall. This could pose a serious threat to this species and the other two cave-dwelling species in this country, Barbopsis devecchii and Uegitglanis zammaranoi.
This species is found in Ecoregion 83 (Horn) of Thieme et al. (2005). This is a xeric area which is nationally important faunistically, with a conservation status of relatively stable and a priority class of 5 (Brown and Thieme 2005).
Museum Holdings
As above plus: 140 specimens at the Instituto di Zoologia dell' Universita di Firenze, Centro di Studio per la Faunistica ed Ecologia Tropicali del Consiglio Nazionali delle Ricerche, Firenze (Ercolini, Berti, Chelazzi and Messana 1982:227).
Manchester Museum (UK) D1293.1 (7 specimens)
Manchester Museum (UK) D1293.2 (7 specimens)
All Manchester specimens from a captive breeding population in Germany
Key References
- Pellegrin, J. (1931)
- Parenzan, P. (1939)
- Ercolini, A. and Berti, R. (1975)
- Bianchi, S. (1978)
- Messana, G. (1979)
- Delfino, G., Bianchi, S. and Ercolini, A. (1981)
- Andreoli, C. (1981)
- Berti, R., Thines, G. and Lefevre, B. (1982)
- Ercolini, A., Berti, R., Chelazzi, L. and Messana, G. (1982)
- Leveque, C. and Daget, J. (1984)
- Messana, G., Chelazzi, L. and Baccetti, N. (1985)
- Messana, G. and Chelazzi, L. (1986)
- Ercolini, A., Berti, R., Chelazzi, L. and Messana, G. (1987)
- Berti, R. (1990)
- Berti, R. and Masciarelli, L. (1993)
- Sbordoni, M. C., Dematthaeis, E., Mattoccia, M., Berti, R. and Sbordoni, V. (1996)
- Frangioni, G., Berti, R. and Borgioli, G. (1997)
- Janiaud, D and Berti, R (2001)
- Trabalzini, G, Janiaud, D and Berti, R (2001)
- Messana, G. (2001)
- Berti, R and Zorn, L. (2001)
- Berti, R., Durand, J., Becchi, S., Brizzi, R., Keller, N. and Ruffat, G. (2001)
- Aden, E. (2002)
- Brown, A. and Thieme, M. (2005)
- Thieme, M.L., Abell, R., Stiassny, M.L.J.,Skelton, P., Lehner, B., Teugels, G., Dinerstein, E., Kamdem-Toham, A., Burgess, B., and Olson, D. (2005)
- Colli, L., Berti, R., Marzano, F.N., Gandolfi, G. and Tagliavini, J. (2006)
- Paglianti, A, Messana, G, Cianfanelli, A and Berti, R (2006)
- Aden, E. (2008)
- Dezfuli, B.S., Capuano, S., Magosso, S., Giari, L. and Berti, R. (2009)
- Dezfuli, B.S., Magosso, S., Simoni, E., Hills, K. and Berti, R. (2009)
- Colli, L., Paglianti, A., Berti, R., Gandolfi, G. and Tagliavini, J. (2009)
- Sguanci, S., Ceccolini, F. and Berti, R. (2010)
- Ceccolini, F., Paglianti, A, Streitenberger, C. and Berti, R. (2010)
- Berti, R. and Messana, G. (2010)
- Cavallari, N., Frigato, E., Vallone, D., Froehlich, N., Lopez-Olmeda, J.F., Foa, A., Berti, R., Sanchez-Vazquez, F.J., Bertolucci, C. and Foulkes, N.S. (2011)
- Tarttelin, E.E., Frigato, E., Bellingham, J., Di Rosa, V., Berti, R., Foulkes, N.S., Lucas, R.J. and Bertolucci, C. (2012)
- Idda, M.L., Bertolucci, C., Vallone, D., Gothilf, Y., Sánchez-Vázquez, F.J. and Foulkes N.S. (2012)
- Villamizar, N., Blanco-Vives, B., Oliveira, C., Dinis, M.T., Di Rosa, V., Negrini, P., Bertolucci, C. and Sanchez-Vazquez, F.J. (2013)
- Stemmer, M., Schuhmacher, L.-N., Foulkes, N.S., Bertolucci, C. and Wittbrodt, J. (2013)
- Bisazza, A., Tagliapietra, C., Bertolucci, C., Foa, A. and Agrillo, C. (2014)
- Negrini, P. (2015)
- Sayyadzadeh, G., Esmaeili, H.R. and Freyhof, J. (2015)
- Stemmer, M., Schuhmacher, L.-N., Foulkes, N.S., Bertolucci, C. and Wittbrodt, J. (2015)
- Esmaeili, H.R., Sayyadzadeh, G., Coad, B.W. and Eagderi, S. (2016)
- Bagheri, M., Goudarzi, F., Zalaghi, A.H. and Savabieasfahani, M. (2016)
- Foulkes, N.S., Whitmore, D., Vallone, D and Bertolucci, C. (2016)
- Calderoni, L., Rota-Stabelli, O., Frigato, E., Panziera, A., Lirchner, S., Foulkes, N.S., Kruckenhauser, L., Bertolucci, C. and Fuselli, S. (2016)
- Nebeshwar, K and Vishwanath, W (2017)
- Malek-Hosseini, M.J. and Zamani, A. (2017)
- Laumanns, M. (2017)
- Esmaeili, H.R., Mehraban, H., Abbasi, K., Keivany, Y. and Coad, B. (2017)
- Grandi, G, Pezzi, M, Marchetti, MG and Chicca, M (2017)
- Ceinos, R., Frigato, E., Pagano, C., Fröhlich, N., Negrini, P., Cavallari, N., Vallone, D., Fuselli, S., Bertolucci, C. and Foulkes, N. (2018)
- Zhao, H., Di Mauro, G., Lungu-Mitea, S., Negrini, P., Guarino, A.M., Frigato, E., Braunbeck, T., Ma, H., Lamparter, T., Vallone, D., Bertolucci, C. and Foulkes, N.S. (2018)
- Rohner, N. (2018)
- Sovrano, V.A., Potrich, D., Foà, A. and Bertolucci, C. (2018)
- Pagano, C., Siauciunaite, R., Idda, M.L., Ruggiero, G., Ceinos, R.M., Pagano, M., Frigato, E., Bertolucci, C., Foulkes, N.S. and Vallone, D. (2018)
- Pucci, A., Berti, R. and Simonetta, A. (2019)
- Saemi-Komsari, M., Mousavi-Sabet, H., Sattari, M., Eagderi, S., Vatandoust, S. and Doadrio, I. (2020)
- Zhao, H., Li, H., Du, J., Di Mauro, G., Lungu-Mitea, S., Geyer, N., Vallone, D., Bertolucci, C. and Foulkes, N.S. (2021)
- Zamani-Faradonbe, M., Keivany, Y., Dorafshan, S. and Zhang, E. (2021)
- Zamani-Faradonbe M. and Keivany Y. (2021)
- Zamani-Faradonbe, M. and Keivany, Y. (2021)
- Zamani-Faradonbe, M., Zhang, E. and Keivany, Y. (2021)
- Baratti, G., Potrich, D., Lee, S.A., Morandi-Raikova, A. and Sovrano, V.A. (2022)
- Pavlova, V.V. and Krylov, V.V. (2023)
| Pellegrin, J. | Journal Article | 1931 | Les Cyprinides cavernicoles d'Afrique |
| Parenzan, P. | Journal Article | 1939 | Pesci del acque sotterranee della Somalia |
| Ercolini, A. and Berti, R. | Journal Article | 1975 | Light sensitivity experiments and morphology studies of the blind phreatic fish Phreatichthys andruzzii from Somalia |
| Bianchi, S. | Journal Article | 1978 | Osservazioni preliminari sulle cellule mucose di Phreatichthys andruzzii Vinciguerra, pesce freatico anoftalmo della Somalia |
| Messana, G. | Journal Article | 1979 | Groundwater research by the "Centro di studio par la faunistica ed ecologia tropicali" in Somalia |
| Delfino, G., Bianchi, S. and Ercolini, A. | Journal Article | 1981 | On the olfactory epithelium in cyprinids: A comparison between hypogean and epigean species |
| Andreoli, C. | Journal Article | 1981 | La flora algale presente in due particolari pozzi della Somalia meridionale |
| Berti, R., Thines, G. and Lefevre, B. | Journal Article | 1982 | Effets des informations chimiques provenant d'un milieu habite par des congeneres sur l'orientation topographique du poisson cavernicole Phreatichthys andruzzii Vinciguerra (Pisces, Cyprinidae) |
| Ercolini, A., Berti, R., Chelazzi, L. and Messana, G. | Journal Article | 1982 | Researches on the phreatobitic fishes of Somalia: Acheivements and prospects |
| Leveque, C. and Daget, J. | Book Section | 1984 | Phreatichthys anduzzii Vinciguerra, 1924 |
| Messana, G., Chelazzi, L. and Baccetti, N. | Journal Article | 1985 | Biospeleology of Somalia: Mugdile and Showli Berdi caves |
| Messana, G. and Chelazzi, L. | Journal Article | 1986 | The fauna of the subterranean waters of East Africa, and particularly of Somalia |
| Ercolini, A., Berti, R., Chelazzi, L. and Messana, G. | Journal Article | 1987 | Oxygen consumption in hypogean and epigean cyprinids (Pisces) |
| Berti, R. | Journal Article | 1990 | Specific chemical recognition in Phreatichthys andruzzii (Pisces, Cyprinidae) |
| Berti, R. and Masciarelli, L. | Journal Article | 1993 | Comparative performances of non-visual food search in the hypogean cyprinid Phreatichthys andruzzii and the epigean relative Barbus filamentosus |
| Sbordoni, M. C., Dematthaeis, E., Mattoccia, M., Berti, R. and Sbordoni, V. | Journal Article | 1996 | Genetic variability and differentiation of hypogean cyprinid fishes from Somalia |
| Frangioni, G., Berti, R. and Borgioli, G. | Journal Article | 1997 | Hepatic respiratory compensation and haematological changes in the cave cyprinid, Phreatichthys andruzzii |
| Janiaud, D and Berti, R | Journal Article | 2001 | Phototactic response of juveniles of the cave cyprinid Phreatichthys andruzzii |
| Trabalzini, G, Janiaud, D and Berti, R | Journal Article | 2001 | Alarm substance and fright reaction in the cave cyprinid Phreatichthys andruzzii |
| Messana, G. | Book Section | 2001 | Somalia |
| Berti, R and Zorn, L. | Journal Article | 2001 | Locomotory responses of the cave cyprinid Phreatichthys andruzzii to chemical signals from conspecifics abd related species: new findings |
| Berti, R., Durand, J., Becchi, S., Brizzi, R., Keller, N. and Ruffat, G. | Journal Article | 2001 | Eye degeneration in the blind cave-dwelling fish Phreatichthys andruzzii |
| Aden, E. | Journal Article | 2002 | Eye regression in the cavefish Phreatichthys andruzzii |
| Brown, A. and Thieme, M. | Book Section | 2005 | Ecoregion 83. Horn |
| Thieme, M.L., Abell, R., Stiassny, M.L.J.,Skelton, P., Lehner, B., Teugels, G., Dinerstein, E., Kamdem-Toham, A., Burgess, B., and Olson, D. | Book | 2005 | Freshwater ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar. A conservation assessment |
| Colli, L., Berti, R., Marzano, F.N., Gandolfi, G. and Tagliavini, J. | Journal Article | 2006 | Collocazione sistematica del ciprinide ipogeo Phreatichthys andruzzii Vinciguerra, 1924: considerazioni filogenetiche e biogeographiche |
| Paglianti, A, Messana, G, Cianfanelli, A and Berti, R | Journal Article | 2006 | Is the perception of their own odour effective in orienting the exploratory activity of cave fishes? |
| Aden, E. | Journal Article | 2008 | Ontogenetic and phylogenetic aspects of regression processes in cave fish: immunohistochemical studies on the blind fish Phreatichthys andruzzii Vinciguerra, 1924 |
| Dezfuli, B.S., Capuano, S., Magosso, S., Giari, L. and Berti, R. | Journal Article | 2009 | The lateral line system in larvae of the blind Cyprinid cavefish, Phreatichthys andruzzii |
| Dezfuli, B.S., Magosso, S., Simoni, E., Hills, K. and Berti, R. | Journal Article | 2009 | Ultrastructure and Distribution of Superficial Neuromasts of Blind Cavefish, Phreatichthys andruzzii, Juveniles |
| Colli, L., Paglianti, A., Berti, R., Gandolfi, G. and Tagliavini, J. | Journal Article | 2009 | Molecular phylogeny of the blind cavefish Phreatichthys andruzzii and Garra barreimiae within the family Cyprinidae |
| Sguanci, S., Ceccolini, F. and Berti, R. | Journal Article | 2010 | Non visual discrimination of shapes in the blind cave cyprinid Phreatichthys andruzzii Vinciguerra 1924 |
| Ceccolini, F., Paglianti, A, Streitenberger, C. and Berti, R. | Journal Article | 2010 | Can chemical cues act as landmarks in the orientation of the cavefish Phreatichthys andruzzii? |
| Berti, R. and Messana, G. | Book Section | 2010 | Subterranean fishes of Africa |
| Cavallari, N., Frigato, E., Vallone, D., Froehlich, N., Lopez-Olmeda, J.F., Foa, A., Berti, R., Sanchez-Vazquez, F.J., Bertolucci, C. and Foulkes, N.S. | Journal Article | 2011 | A blind circadian clock in cavefish reveals that opsins mediate peripheral clock photoreception |
| Tarttelin, E.E., Frigato, E., Bellingham, J., Di Rosa, V., Berti, R., Foulkes, N.S., Lucas, R.J. and Bertolucci, C. | Journal Article | 2012 | Encephalic photoreception and phototactic response in the troglobiont Somalian blind cavefish Phreatichthys andruzzii |
| Idda, M.L., Bertolucci, C., Vallone, D., Gothilf, Y., Sánchez-Vázquez, F.J. and Foulkes N.S. | Book Section | 2012 | Circadian clocks: lessons from fish |
| Villamizar, N., Blanco-Vives, B., Oliveira, C., Dinis, M.T., Di Rosa, V., Negrini, P., Bertolucci, C. and Sanchez-Vazquez, F.J. | Journal Article | 2013 | Circadian Rhythms of Embryonic Development and Hatching in Fish: A Comparative Study of Zebrafish (Diurnal), Senegalese Sole (Nocturnal), and Somalian Cavefish (Blind) |
| Stemmer, M., Schuhmacher, L.-N., Foulkes, N.S., Bertolucci, C. and Wittbrodt, J. | Conference Paper | 2013 | Unravelling continuous eye growth in teleosts by studying blind cavefish |
| Bisazza, A., Tagliapietra, C., Bertolucci, C., Foa, A. and Agrillo, C. | Journal Article | 2014 | Non-visual numerical discrimination in a blind cavefish (Phreatichthys andruzzii) |
| Negrini, P. | Thesis | 2015 | Molecular and bioinformatic analysis of the circadian clock in Phreatichthys andruzzii |
| Sayyadzadeh, G., Esmaeili, H.R. and Freyhof, J. | Journal Article | 2015 | Garra mondica, a new species from the Mond River drainage with remarks on the genus Garra from the Persian Gulf basin in Iran |
| Stemmer, M., Schuhmacher, L.-N., Foulkes, N.S., Bertolucci, C. and Wittbrodt, J. | Journal Article | 2015 | Cavefish eye loss in response to an early block in retinal differentiation progression |
| Esmaeili, H.R., Sayyadzadeh, G., Coad, B.W. and Eagderi, S. | Journal Article | 2016 | Review of the genus Garra Hamilton, 1822 in Iran with description of a new species: a morpho-molecular approach (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) |
| Bagheri, M., Goudarzi, F., Zalaghi, A.H. and Savabieasfahani, M. | Journal Article | 2016 | Habitat characteristics and population size of Iranocypris typhlops, the Iran cave barb |
| Foulkes, N.S., Whitmore, D., Vallone, D and Bertolucci, C. | Journal Article | 2016 | Studying the evolution of the vertebrate circadian clock: The power of fish as compataive models |
| Calderoni, L., Rota-Stabelli, O., Frigato, E., Panziera, A., Lirchner, S., Foulkes, N.S., Kruckenhauser, L., Bertolucci, C. and Fuselli, S. | Journal Article | 2016 | Relaxed selective constraints drove functional modifications in peripheral photoreception of the cavefish P. andruzzii and provide insight into the time of cave colonisation |
| Nebeshwar, K and Vishwanath, W | Journal Article | 2017 | On the snout and oromandibular morphology of genus Garra, description of two new species from the Koladyne River basin in Mizoram, India, and redescription of G. manipurensis (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) |
| Malek-Hosseini, M.J. and Zamani, A. | Journal Article | 2017 | A checklist of subterranean arthropods of Iran |
| Laumanns, M. | Journal Article | 2017 | Atlas of the Great caves and the karst of Africa. Volume 2. Malawi to Zimbabwe and general references |
| Esmaeili, H.R., Mehraban, H., Abbasi, K., Keivany, Y. and Coad, B. | Journal Article | 2017 | Review and updated checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran: Taxonomy, distribution and conservation status |
| Grandi, G, Pezzi, M, Marchetti, MG and Chicca, M | Journal Article | 2017 | Immunocytochemical identification and ontogeny of adenohypophyseal cells in a cave fish, Phreatichthys andruzzii (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) |
| Ceinos, R., Frigato, E., Pagano, C., Fröhlich, N., Negrini, P., Cavallari, N., Vallone, D., Fuselli, S., Bertolucci, C. and Foulkes, N. | Journal Article | 2018 | Mutations in blind cavefish target the light-regulated circadian clock gene, period 2 |
| Zhao, H., Di Mauro, G., Lungu-Mitea, S., Negrini, P., Guarino, A.M., Frigato, E., Braunbeck, T., Ma, H., Lamparter, T., Vallone, D., Bertolucci, C. and Foulkes, N.S. | Journal Article | 2018 | Modulation of DNA repair systems in blind cavefish during evolution in constant darkness |
| Rohner, N. | Journal Article | 2018 | Evolution: A dark past |
| Sovrano, V.A., Potrich, D., Foà, A. and Bertolucci, C. | Journal Article | 2018 | Extra-visual systems in the spatial reorientation of cavefish |
| Pagano, C., Siauciunaite, R., Idda, M.L., Ruggiero, G., Ceinos, R.M., Pagano, M., Frigato, E., Bertolucci, C., Foulkes, N.S. and Vallone, D. | Journal Article | 2018 | Evolution shapes the responsiveness of the D-box enhancer element to light and reactive oxygen species in vertebrates |
| Pucci, A., Berti, R. and Simonetta, A. | Journal Article | 2019 | The skull osteology of the blind cave cyprinid Phreatichthys andruzzii Vinciguerra, 1924 |
| Saemi-Komsari, M., Mousavi-Sabet, H., Sattari, M., Eagderi, S., Vatandoust, S. and Doadrio, I. | Journal Article | 2020 | Descriptive osteology of Garra rossica (Nikolskii 1900) |
| Zhao, H., Li, H., Du, J., Di Mauro, G., Lungu-Mitea, S., Geyer, N., Vallone, D., Bertolucci, C. and Foulkes, N.S. | Journal Article | 2021 | Regulation of ddb2 expression in blind cavefish and zebrafish reveals plasticity in the control of sunlight-induced DNA damage repair |
| Zamani-Faradonbe, M., Keivany, Y., Dorafshan, S. and Zhang, E. | Journal Article | 2021 | Two new species of Garra (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from western Iran |
| Zamani-Faradonbe M. and Keivany Y. | Journal Article | 2021 | Biodiversity and distribution of Garra species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in Iran |
| Zamani-Faradonbe, M. and Keivany, Y. | Journal Article | 2021 | Comparative osteology of two Garra species (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae) from Hormuz and Sistan basins of Iran |
| Zamani-Faradonbe, M., Zhang, E. and Keivany, Y. | Journal Article | 2021 | Garra hormuzensis, a new species from the upper Kol River drainage in the Persian Gulf basin (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) |
| Baratti, G., Potrich, D., Lee, S.A., Morandi-Raikova, A. and Sovrano, V.A. | Journal Article | 2022 | The geometric world of fishes: A synthesis on spatial reorientation in Teleosts |
| Pavlova, V.V. and Krylov, V.V. | Journal Article | 2023 | Cavefishes in chronobiological research: A narrative review. |
