Journal Article
Pilbara stygofauna: deep groundwater of an arid landscape contains globally significant radiation of biodiversity
Halse, S., Scanlon, M., Cocking, J., Barron, H., Richardson, J. and Eberhard, S.
Record Number:
5103
Year:
2014
Journal:
Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement
Pages:
443-483
Volume:
78
Abstract:
Abstract – The Pilbara region was surveyed for stygofauna between 2002 and 2005
with the aims of setting nature conservation priorities in relation to stygofauna,
improving the understanding of factors affecting invertebrate stygofauna distribution
and sampling yields, and providing a framework for assessing stygofauna species and
community signifi cance in the environmental impact assessment process.
Approximately 350 species of stygofauna were collected during the survey and
extrapolation suggests that 500–550 actually occur in the Pilbara, although taxonomic
resolution among some groups of stygofauna is poor and species richness is likely to
have been substantially underestimated. More than 50 species were found in a single
bore. Even though species richness was underestimated, it is clear that the Pilbara is
a globally important region for stygofauna, supporting species densities greater than
anywhere other than the Dinaric karst of Europe. This is in part because of a remarkable
radiation of candonid ostracods in the Pilbara. Ostracods are the dominant stygofaunal
group in terms of both species richness and animal abundance. Together, ostracods,
copepods, amphipods and oligochates comprised 77% of species and 96% of animals
collected.
Stygofauna were found in 72% of samples collected and 81% of wells sampled. The
average sample (including those without stygofauna) contained 3.2 ± 0.1 species. A
feature of the Pilbara is that stygofauna occur across most of the landscape, often where
the depth to groundwater is considerable, although yields were low where depth to
groundwater was >30 m. Another feature is high endemicity: on the basis of current
taxonomy 98% of the stygobites and 83% of the other groundwater species occur only
within the region. Few factors affecting stygofauna occurrence could be identifi ed,
however. Numbers of specimens and species collected were positively related to well
diameter and negatively related to depth to groundwater. Numbers of species declined
in inland sub-regions, although variability within sub-regions was high.
While a range of freshwater chemistries occurred, 79% of water samples were weakly
saline and NaCl dominated. Profi ling and purging of wells suggested that water quality
measurements refl ected aquifer conditions in most situations. Water chemistry appeared
to have limited infl uence on stygofauna occurrence in the Pilbara. Geology also
appeared to have little effect on stygofauna occurrence but this may have been the result
of non-random siting of wells; there was a bias towards wells being in transmissive
locations that were not necessarily typical of the geology in which each well occurred.
No potential reserves for stygofauna are recommended in this paper but nine
areas of high stygofauna richness were identifi ed, including the listed Ethel Gorge
stygofauna community. Theoretical analysis of species ranges suggested that half of
the species found only in the vicinity of development projects will have ranges less
than 680 km2. Consequently, projects involving extensive groundwater drawdown
(sometimes through the interaction of de-watering operations at adjacent projects) have
the potential to affect a large proportion of the population of a restricted species or to
threaten the persistence of species with particularly small ranges.
Keywords – subterranean fauna, stygobite, sampling, groundwater, distributions,
Western Australia
Times Cited:
3
Relevent Species:
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Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (2010)Ningaloo Coast World Heritage nomination
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Humphreys, W. F. (2017)Australasian subterranean biodiversity
Page, T.J.,Stevens, M.I., Adams, M., Foster, R. Velasco-Castrillón, A. and Humphreys, W.F. (2018)Multiple molecular markers reinforce the systematic framework of unique Australian cave fishes (Milyeringa : Gobioidei)
Page, T.J.,Stevens, M.I., Adams, M., Foster, R. Velasco-Castrillón, A. and Humphreys, W.F. (2018)Multiple molecular markers reinforce the systematic framework of unique Australian cave fishes (Milyeringa : Gobioidei)
Page, T.J.,Stevens, M.I., Adams, M., Foster, R. Velasco-Castrillón, A. and Humphreys, W.F. (2018)Multiple molecular markers reinforce the systematic framework of unique Australian cave fishes (Milyeringa : Gobioidei)
Moore, G.I. (2018)New morphological data and live photographs of the rare subterranean blind cave eel Ophisternon candidum (Synbranchidae) from north‑western Australia
Moore, G.I., Humphreys, W.F. and Foster, R. (2018)New populations of the rare subterranean Blind Cave Eel Ophisternon candidum (Synbranchidae) reveal recent historical connections throughout northwestern Australia
Moore, G.I. (2018)New morphological data and live photographs of the rare subterranean blind cave eel Ophisternon candidum (Synbranchidae) from north‑western Australia
Moore, G.I., Humphreys, W.F. and Foster, R. (2018)New populations of the rare subterranean Blind Cave Eel Ophisternon candidum (Synbranchidae) reveal recent historical connections throughout northwestern Australia
Perina, G., Camacho, A.I., Huey, J., Horwitz, P., and Koenders, A. (2018)Understanding subterranean variability: the first genus of Bathynellidae (Bathynellacea, Crustacea) from Western Australia described through a morphological and multigene approach
Moore, G.I. (2018)New morphological data and live photographs of the rare subterranean blind cave eel Ophisternon candidum (Synbranchidae) from north‑western Australia
Perina, G., Camacho, A.I., Huey, J., Horwitz, P., and Koenders, A. (2018)Understanding subterranean variability: the first genus of Bathynellidae (Bathynellacea, Crustacea) from Western Australia described through a morphological and multigene approach
Moore, G.I., Humphreys, W.F. and Foster, R. (2018)New populations of the rare subterranean Blind Cave Eel Ophisternon candidum (Synbranchidae) reveal recent historical connections throughout northwestern Australia
Perina, G., Camacho, A.I., Huey, J., Horwitz, P., and Koenders, A. (2018)Understanding subterranean variability: the first genus of Bathynellidae (Bathynellacea, Crustacea) from Western Australia described through a morphological and multigene approach
Page, T.J., Hughes, J.M., Real, K.M., Stevens, M.I., King, R.A. and Humphreys, W.F. (2018)Allegory of a cave crustacean: systematic and biogeographic reality of Halosbaena (Peracarida: Thermosbaenacea) sought with molecular data at multiple scales
Page, T.J., Hughes, J.M., Real, K.M., Stevens, M.I., King, R.A. and Humphreys, W.F. (2018)Allegory of a cave crustacean: systematic and biogeographic reality of Halosbaena (Peracarida: Thermosbaenacea) sought with molecular data at multiple scales
Kuang, T., Tornabene, L., Lia, J., Jiang, J., Chakrabarty, P., Sparks, J.S., Naylor, G.J.P. and Lia, C. (2018)Phylogenomic analysis on the exceptionally diverse fish clade Gobioidei (Actinopterygii: Gobiiformes) and data-filtering based on molecular clocklikeness
Page, T.J., Hughes, J.M., Real, K.M., Stevens, M.I., King, R.A. and Humphreys, W.F. (2018)Allegory of a cave crustacean: systematic and biogeographic reality of Halosbaena (Peracarida: Thermosbaenacea) sought with molecular data at multiple scales
Halse, S. (2018)Subterranean fauna of the arid zone
Halse, S. (2018)Subterranean fauna of the arid zone
Halse, S. (2018)Subterranean fauna of the arid zone
Perina, G., Camacho, A., Huey, J., Horwitz, P. and Koenders, A. (2019)The role of allopatric speciation and ancient origins of Bathynellidae (Crustacea) in the Pilbara (Western Australia): two new genera from the De Grey River catchment
Perina, G., Camacho, A., Huey, J., Horwitz, P. and Koenders, A. (2019)The role of allopatric speciation and ancient origins of Bathynellidae (Crustacea) in the Pilbara (Western Australia): two new genera from the De Grey River catchment
Matthews, E.F., Abrams, K.M., Cooper, S.J.B., Huey, J.A., Hillyer, M.J., Humphreys, W.F., Austin, A.D. and Guzik, M.T. (2019)Scratching the surface of subterranean biodiversity: molecular analysis reveals a diverse and previously unknown fauna of Parabathynellidae (Crustacea: Bathynellacea) from the Pilbara, Western Australia
Matthews, E.F., Abrams, K.M., Cooper, S.J.B., Huey, J.A., Hillyer, M.J., Humphreys, W.F., Austin, A.D. and Guzik, M.T. (2019)Scratching the surface of subterranean biodiversity: molecular analysis reveals a diverse and previously unknown fauna of Parabathynellidae (Crustacea: Bathynellacea) from the Pilbara, Western Australia
Matthews, E.F., Abrams, K.M., Cooper, S.J.B., Huey, J.A., Hillyer, M.J., Humphreys, W.F., Austin, A.D. and Guzik, M.T. (2019)Scratching the surface of subterranean biodiversity: molecular analysis reveals a diverse and previously unknown fauna of Parabathynellidae (Crustacea: Bathynellacea) from the Pilbara, Western Australia
Perina, G. (2019)Ancient origins of a diverse stygofaunal group: The Australian Bathynellidae (Crustacea)
Perina, G. (2019)Ancient origins of a diverse stygofaunal group: The Australian Bathynellidae (Crustacea)
Perina, G. (2019)Ancient origins of a diverse stygofaunal group: The Australian Bathynellidae (Crustacea)
Moore, G. (2019)Milyeringa justitia. Barrow Island cave gudgeon. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T128969918A128970120
Perina, G., Camacho, A.I., Huey, J., Horwitz, P. and Koenders, A. (2019)New Bathynellidae (Crustacea) taxa and their relationships in the Fortescue catchment aquifers of the Pilbara region, Western Australia, Systematics and Biodiversity
Perina, G., Camacho, A.I., Huey, J., Horwitz, P. and Koenders, A. (2019)New Bathynellidae (Crustacea) taxa and their relationships in the Fortescue catchment aquifers of the Pilbara region, Western Australia, Systematics and Biodiversity
Perina, G., Camacho, A.I., Huey, J., Horwitz, P. and Koenders, A. (2019)New Bathynellidae (Crustacea) taxa and their relationships in the Fortescue catchment aquifers of the Pilbara region, Western Australia, Systematics and Biodiversity
Perina, G., Camacho, A., Huey, J., Horwitz, P. and Koenders, A. (2019)The role of allopatric speciation and ancient origins of Bathynellidae (Crustacea) in the Pilbara (Western Australia): two new genera from the De Grey River catchment
Shelley, J.J., Swearer, S.E., Dempster, T., Adams, M., Le Feuvre, M.C., Hammer, M.P. and Unmack, P.J. (2020)Plio-Pleistocene sea-level changes drive speciation of freshwater fishes in north-western Australia
Shelley, J.J., Swearer, S.E., Dempster, T., Adams, M., Le Feuvre, M.C., Hammer, M.P. and Unmack, P.J. (2020)Plio-Pleistocene sea-level changes drive speciation of freshwater fishes in north-western Australia
Lintermans, M., Geyle, H.M., Beatty, S., Brown, C., Ebner, B.C., Freeman, R., Hammer, M.P., Humphreys, W.F., Kennard, M.J., Kern, P., Martin, K., Morgan, D.L., Raadik, T.A., Unmack, P.J., Wager, R., Woinarski, J.C.Z. and Garnett, S.T. (2020)Big trouble for little fish: identifying Australian freshwater fishes in imminent risk of extinction
Shelley, J.J., Swearer, S.E., Dempster, T., Adams, M., Le Feuvre, M.C., Hammer, M.P. and Unmack, P.J. (2020)Plio-Pleistocene sea-level changes drive speciation of freshwater fishes in north-western Australia
Lintermans, M., Geyle, H.M., Beatty, S., Brown, C., Ebner, B.C., Freeman, R., Hammer, M.P., Humphreys, W.F., Kennard, M.J., Kern, P., Martin, K., Morgan, D.L., Raadik, T.A., Unmack, P.J., Wager, R., Woinarski, J.C.Z. and Garnett, S.T. (2020)Big trouble for little fish: identifying Australian freshwater fishes in imminent risk of extinction
Lintermans, M., Geyle, H.M., Beatty, S., Brown, C., Ebner, B.C., Freeman, R., Hammer, M.P., Humphreys, W.F., Kennard, M.J., Kern, P., Martin, K., Morgan, D.L., Raadik, T.A., Unmack, P.J., Wager, R., Woinarski, J.C.Z. and Garnett, S.T. (2020)Big trouble for little fish: identifying Australian freshwater fishes in imminent risk of extinction
White, N.E., Guzik, M.T., Austin, A.D., Moore, G.I. Humphreys, W.F., Alexander, J. and Bunce, M. (2020)Detection of rare Australian endemic blind cave eel (Ophisternon candidum) with environmental DNA: implications for threatened species management in subterranean environments
White, N.E., Guzik, M.T., Austin, A.D., Moore, G.I. Humphreys, W.F., Alexander, J. and Bunce, M. (2020)Detection of rare Australian endemic blind cave eel (Ophisternon candidum) with environmental DNA: implications for threatened species management in subterranean environments
White, N.E., Guzik, M.T., Austin, A.D., Moore, G.I. Humphreys, W.F., Alexander, J. and Bunce, M. (2020)Detection of rare Australian endemic blind cave eel (Ophisternon candidum) with environmental DNA: implications for threatened species management in subterranean environments
Eberhard, S.M. and Howarth, F.G. (2021)Undara lava cave fauna in tropical Queensland with an annotated list of Australian subterranean biodiversity hotspots
Eberhard, S.M. and Howarth, F.G. (2021)Undara lava cave fauna in tropical Queensland with an annotated list of Australian subterranean biodiversity hotspots
Eberhard, S.M. and Howarth, F.G. (2021)Undara lava cave fauna in tropical Queensland with an annotated list of Australian subterranean biodiversity hotspots
Tian, H., Hu, Q., Lu, H. and Li, Z. (2021)The complete mitochondrial genome of one breeding strain of Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus, Zuiew 1793) using PacBio and Illumina sequencing technologies
and phylogenetic analysis in synbranchiformes
Saccò, M., Guzik, M.T., van der Heyde, M., Nevill, P., Cooper, S.J.B., Austin, A.D., Coates, P.J. and Allentoft, M.E. (2022)eDNA in subterranean ecosystems: Applications, technical aspects, and future prospects
Saccò, M., Blyth, A.J., Douglas, G., Humphreys, W.F., Hose, G.C., Davis, J., Guzik, M.T., Martínez, A., Eberhard, S.M. and Halse, S.A. (2022)Stygofaunal diversity and ecological sustainability of coastal groundwater ecosystems in a changing climate: The Australian paradigm
Saccò, M., Blyth, A.J., Douglas, G., Humphreys, W.F., Hose, G.C., Davis, J., Guzik, M.T., Martínez, A., Eberhard, S.M. and Halse, S.A. (2022)Stygofaunal diversity and ecological sustainability of coastal groundwater ecosystems in a changing climate: The Australian paradigm
Saccò, M., Blyth, A.J., Douglas, G., Humphreys, W.F., Hose, G.C., Davis, J., Guzik, M.T., Martínez, A., Eberhard, S.M. and Halse, S.A. (2022)Stygofaunal diversity and ecological sustainability of coastal groundwater ecosystems in a changing climate: The Australian paradigm
Gierl, C., Dohrmann, M., Keith, P., Humphreys, W.J., Esmaeili, H.R., Vukić, J., Radek, S. and ReichenbacherI, B. (2022)An integrative phylogenetic approach for inferring relationships of fossil gobioids (Teleostei: Gobiiformes)
Gierl, C., Dohrmann, M., Keith, P., Humphreys, W.J., Esmaeili, H.R., Vukić, J., Radek, S. and ReichenbacherI, B. (2022)An integrative phylogenetic approach for inferring relationships of fossil gobioids (Teleostei: Gobiiformes)
Saccò, M., Guzik, M.T., van der Heyde, M., Nevill, P., Cooper, S.J.B., Austin, A.D., Coates, P.J. and Allentoft, M.E. (2022)eDNA in subterranean ecosystems: Applications, technical aspects, and future prospects
Saccò, M., Guzik, M.T., van der Heyde, M., Nevill, P., Cooper, S.J.B., Austin, A.D., Coates, P.J. and Allentoft, M.E. (2022)eDNA in subterranean ecosystems: Applications, technical aspects, and future prospects
Webb, J.A., White, S.Q. and Smith, G.K. (2023)Australian caves and karst systems
Thacker, C.E., McCraney, W.T., Harrington, R.C., Near, T.J., Shelley, J.J., Adams, M., Hammer, M.P. and Unmack, P.J. (2023)Diversification of the sleepers (Gobiiformes: Gobioidei: Eleotridae) and evolution of the root gobioid families
Webb, J.A., White, S.Q. and Smith, G.K. (2023)Australian caves and karst systems
Webb, J.A., White, S.Q. and Smith, G.K. (2023)Australian caves and karst systems
White, S.Q., Brooks, D. and Webb, J.A. (2023)Cape Range
White, S.Q., Brooks, D. and Webb, J.A. (2023)Cape Range
White, S.Q., Brooks, D. and Webb, J.A. (2023)Cape Range
van der Heyde, M., Alexander, J., Nevill, P., Austin, A.D., Stevens, N., Jones, M. and Guzik, M.T. (2023)Rapid detection of subterranean fauna from passive sampling of groundwater eDNA
van der Heyde, M., Alexander, J., Nevill, P., Austin, A.D., Stevens, N., Jones, M. and Guzik, M.T. (2023)Rapid detection of subterranean fauna from passive sampling of groundwater eDNA
van der Heyde, M., White, N.E., Nevill, P., Austin, A.D., Stevens, N., Jones, M. and Guzik, M.T. (2023)Taking eDNA underground: factors affecting eDNA detection of subterranean fauna in groundwater
van der Heyde, M., Alexander, J., Nevill, P., Austin, A.D., Stevens, N., Jones, M. and Guzik, M.T. (2023)Rapid detection of subterranean fauna from passive sampling of groundwater eDNA
van der Heyde, M., White, N.E., Nevill, P., Austin, A.D., Stevens, N., Jones, M. and Guzik, M.T. (2023)Taking eDNA underground: factors affecting eDNA detection of subterranean fauna in groundwater
van der Heyde, M., White, N.E., Nevill, P., Austin, A.D., Stevens, N., Jones, M. and Guzik, M.T. (2023)Taking eDNA underground: factors affecting eDNA detection of subterranean fauna in groundwater
Thacker, C.E., McCraney, W.T., Harrington, R.C., Near, T.J., Shelley, J.J., Adams, M., Hammer, M.P. and Unmack, P.J. (2023)Diversification of the sleepers (Gobiiformes: Gobioidei: Eleotridae) and evolution of the root gobioid families