Stomatorhinus microps
Boulenger 1898
| ORDER | SUB-ORDER | FAMILY |
|---|---|---|
| Osteoglossiformes | No suborder | Mormyridae |
Synonyms
None.
Country
Lower Congo River: freshwaterTypes
Syntypes: BMNH 1898.11.12.7-9, 3 specimens.
Distribution
Boma and Matadi, Lower Congo River and region of the cataracts
More details needed
Habitat
Deep and fast rheophilic conditions (Stiassny and Alter 2021).
Many more details from various sources
Systematics
Sullivan et al. (2000) examined four species of Stomatorhinus (three unnamed plus S. walkeri) and all four grouped together as a monophyletic assemblage.
Lavou et al. (2012) found a sister relationship between Stomatorhinus cf. ater and Paramormyrops gabonensis and, what they call Paramormyrops sp. 'type 2' (magnostipes complex).
Sonet et al. (2018) found a sister relatioship between Stomatorhinus walkeri and Ivindomyrus sp. short Kouilou, and also a sister realtionship between this pair and Ivindomyrus sp. elongate Kouilou.
Biological Notes
The lower Congo River, and especially the northern and southern rapids below Pool Malebo, are home to many endemic species (Roberts and Stewart 1976, Bailey 1986, Thieme et al. 2005, Mamonekene 2005, Alter et al. 2015, Alter et al. 2017, Stiassny 2016, Stiassny and Alter 2021). In particular there are at least twelve species, in five Families, which exhibit the troglomorphic features of reduced eyes and pigment:
Clariidae
Channallabes apus (Günther 1873) Teugels 1986
Dolichallabes microphthalmus Poll 1942
Gymnallabes nops Roberts and Stewart 1976
Platyallabes tihoni (Poll 1944) Poll 1977
Claroteidae
Notoglanidium pallidum Roberts and Stewart 1976
Mochokidae
Chiloglanis undescribed species "Kinsuka"
Mastacembelidae
Mastacembelus aviceps Roberts and Stewart 1976
Mastacembelus brichardi (Poll 1958) Vreven 2005
Mastacembelus crassus Roberts and Stewart 1976
Mastacembelus latens Roberts and Stewart 1976
Cichlidae
Lamprologus lethops Roberts and Stewart 1976
Mormyridae
Stomatorhinus microps Boulenger 1898
These features probably evolved because these species live at depth within the rapids and spend their whole lives in permanent darkness, analagous to life in caves. The ocular and craniofacial anatomy of several of these species have been studied (Schobert et al. 2010, 2011, 2013) but almost nothing else is known about these animals.
Conservation Status
Moelants, T. 2010. Stomatorhinus microps. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T181707A7710386. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T181707A7710386.en. Downloaded on 28 October 2021.
Museum Holdings
Natural History Museum London
Field Museum of Natural History
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard
CAS Ichthyology
[From GBIF, more to add]
Internet Resources
Genbank has 40 sequences for the genus (to be added)
Key References
- Gunther, A. (1873)
- Boulenger, G. A. (1898)
- Pappenheim, P. (1911)
- David, L. and Poll, M. (1937)
- Poll, M. (1942)
- Poll, M. (1942)
- Poll, M. (1944)
- Poll, M. (1945)
- Poll, M. (1953)
- Poll, M. (1956)
- Poll, M. (1957)
- Poll, M. (1958)
- Poll, M. (1959)
- Roman, B. (1971)
- Poll, M. (1973)
- Roberts, T.R. and Stewart, D.J. (1976)
- Poll, M. (1977)
- Daget, J. (1978)
- Banister, K.E. and Bailey, R.G. (1979)
- Beadle, L.C. (1981)
- Travers, R.A. (1984)
- Travers, R.A. (1984)
- Banister, K.E. (1986)
- Bailey, R.G. (1986)
- Teugels, G.G. (1986)
- Derijst, E. (1991)
- Mo, T.-P. (1991)
- Cabuy, E., Adriaens, D., Verraes, W. and Teugels, G.G. (1999)
- Sullivan, J.P., Lavoué, S. and Hopkins, C.D. (2000)
- Decu, V., Juberthie, C. and Tercafs, R. (2001)
- Devaere, S., Adriaens, D., Verraes, W. and Teugels, G.G. (2001)
- Adriaens, D., Devaere, S., Teugels, G.G., Dekegel, B. and Verraes, W (2002)
- Lavoué, S., Sullivan, J.P. and Hopkins, C.D. (2003)
- Schelly, R.C. and Stiassny, M.L.J. (2004)
- Devaere, S, Teugels, G, Adriaens, D, Huysentruyt, F. and Verraes, W. (2004)
- De Schepper, N; Adriaens, D; Teugels, GG; et al. (2004)
- Sullivan, J.P. and Hopkins, C.D. (2005)
- McNamara, A.M., Denizot, J.-P. and Hopkins, C.D. (2005)
- Mamonekene, V. (2005)
- Vreven, E.J. (2005)
- Devaere, S., Adriaens, D., Teugels, G.G., De Clerck, N.M. and Postnov, A.A. (2005)
- Van Wassenbergh, S; Aerts, P; Adriaens, D; et al. (2005)
- Van Wassenbergh, S; Herrel, A; Adriaens, D; et al. (2005)
- Devaere, S., D. Adriaens, G. G. Teugels and W. Verraes (2005)
- Jansen, G., Devaere, S., Weekers, P.H.H. and Adriaens, D. (2006)
- Devaere, S., Adriaens, D. and Verraes, W. (2007)
- Devaere, S., Adriaens, D. and Verraes, W. (2007)
- Hanssens, M., Vreven, J., E. and Snoeks, J. (2008)
- Jackson, P.R., Oberg, K.A., Gardiner, N. and Shelton, J. (2009)
- Vreven, E.J. and Stiassny, M.L.J. (2009)
- Schobert, C.S., Schwab, I.R., Stiassny, M.L., Schelly, R.C., Lowenstein, J.H., Zeiss, C. and Dubielzig, R.R. (2010)
- Kish, P.E., Bohnsack, B.L., Gallina, D., Kasprick, D.S. and Kahana, A. (2011)
- Schobert, C.S., Stiassny, M.L.J. and Dubielzig, R.R. (2011)
- Schobert, C.S., Stiassny, M.L.J., Jeffery, W.D. and Dubielzig, R.R. (2011)
- Lavoue, S., Miya, M., Arnegard, M.E., Sullivan, J.P., Hopkins, C.D. and Nishida, M. (2012)
- Carlson, B.A., Stevens, J.A., Sukhum, K.V. and Carlson, B.A. (2013)
- Lucanus, O. (2013)
- Schobert, C.S., Stiassny, M.L.J., Schwab, I.R., Zeiss, C., Schelly, R.C. and Dubielzig, R.R. (2013)
- Geerinckx, T., Vreven, E.J., Dierick, M., van Hoorebeke, L. and Adriaens, D. (2013)
- Brawand, D. et al. (2014)
- Tougas, S. and Stiassny, M.L.J. (2014)
- Alter, S.E., Brown, B. and Stiassny, M.L.J. (2015)
- Stiassny, M.L.J. and Alter, S.E. (2015)
- Ozouf-Costaz, C., Coutanceau, J.P., Bonillo, C., Belkadi, L., Fermon, Y., Agnese, J.F., Guidi-Rontani, C. and Paugy, D. (2015)
- Lujan, N.K. and Conway, K.W. (2015)
- Harrison, I.J., Brummett, R. and Stiassny, M.L.J. (2016)
- Alter, S.E., Munshi-South, J. and Stiassny, M.L.J. (2017)
- Mahamba Byanikiro, R., Kankonda Busanga, A., Ndjaki Nsila, J. and Micha, J.-C. (2017)
- Day, J.J., Fages, A., Brown, K.J., Vreven, E.J., Stiassny, M.L.J., Bills, R., Friel, J.P. and Ruber, L. (2017)
- Schedel, F.D.B., Musilová, Z. and Schliewen, U.K. (2018)
- Stiassny, M.L.J., Monsembula Iyaba, R.J.C., Liyandja, T., Mbimbi Mayi Munene, J.J., Yoko, M., and Alter, E. (2018)
- Schedel, F.D.B., Musilova, Z. and Schliewen, U.K. (2019)
- Sonet, G., Snoeks, J., Nagy, Z.T., Vreven, E., Boden, G., Breman, F.C., Decru, E., Hanssens, M., Zamba, A.I., Jordaens, K., Mamonekene, V., Musschoot, T., Van Houdt, J., Van Steen, M. (2019)
- Stiassny, M.L.J. (2019)
- Aardema, M.L., Stiassny, M.L.J. and Alter, S.E. (2020)
- Elbein, A. (2020)
- Stiassny, M.L. and Alter, S.E. (2021)
- Kurata, N.P., Hickerson, M.J., Hoffberg, S.L., Gardiner, N., Stiassny, M.L.J. and Alter, S.E. (2022)
| Gunther, A. | Journal Article | 1873 | New fishes from Angola |
| Boulenger, G. A. | Journal Article | 1898 | Matériaux pour la faune du Congo. Poissons nouveaux du Congo. Première Partie. Mormyres |
| Pappenheim, P. | Journal Article | 1911 | Zoologische Ergebnisse der Expedition des Herrn G. Tessmann nach Süd-Kamerun und Spanisch-Guinea. Fische |
| David, L. and Poll, M. | Journal Article | 1937 | Contribution a la faune ichthyologique de Congo Belge. Collections du Dr H. Schouteden (1924-1926) et d'autres recolteurs |
| Poll, M. | Journal Article | 1942 | Notes sue l'osteologie de Dolichallabes microphalmus Poll et remarques sur l'evolution des Clariidae |
| Poll, M. | Journal Article | 1942 | Description d'un genre nouveau de Clariidae originaire du Congo belge |
| Poll, M. | Journal Article | 1944 | Description préliminaire d'un Clariidae nouveau observé à Léopoldville par M. L. Tihon |
| Poll, M. | Journal Article | 1945 | Descriptions de Mormyridae et de Characidae nouveaux du Congo belge avec une étude du genre Stomatorhinus et des genres de Characidae nains africains |
| Poll, M. | Journal Article | 1953 | Les poissons d’aquarium du Congo belge. |
| Poll, M. | Journal Article | 1956 | Les poissons du Congo Belge et l’aquariophilie |
| Poll, M. | Journal Article | 1957 | Redescription de Gymnallabes tihoni Poll 1944, Clariidae microphalme du Stanley Pool (Congo belge) |
| Poll, M. | Journal Article | 1958 | Description d'un poisson aveugle nouveau du Congo belge, appartenant à la famille des Mastacembelidae |
| Poll, M. | Journal Article | 1959 | Résultats scientifiques des missions zoologiques au Stanley Pool subsidiées par le Cemubac (Université Libre de Bruxelles) et la Musée Royal du Congo (1957-1958) |
| Roman, B. | Journal Article | 1971 | Nuevas especies de peces de Río Muni (Guinea Ecuatorial) |
| Poll, M. | Journal Article | 1973 | Les yeux des poissons aveugles africains et de Caecomastacembelus brichardi Poll en particulier |
| Roberts, T.R. and Stewart, D.J. | Journal Article | 1976 | An ecological and systematic survey of fishes in the rapids of the lower Zaire or Congo river |
| Poll, M. | Journal Article | 1977 | Les genres nouveaux Platyallabes et Platyclarias comparés au genre Gymnallabes Gthr. Synopsis nouveau des genres de Clariidae |
| Daget, J. | Journal Article | 1978 | Contribution à la faune de la République Unie du Cameroun. Poissons du Dja, du Boumba et du Ngoko |
| Banister, K.E. and Bailey, R.G. | Journal Article | 1979 | Fishes collected by the Zaire River expedition 1974 - 1975 |
| Beadle, L.C. | Book | 1981 | The inland waters of tropical Africa |
| Travers, R.A. | Journal Article | 1984 | A review of the Mastacembeloidei, a suborder of synbranchiform teleost fishes. Part II: Phylogenetic analysis |
| Travers, R.A. | Journal Article | 1984 | A review of the Mastacembeloidei, a suborder of synbranchiform teleost fishes. Part I: Anatomical descriptions |
| Banister, K.E. | Book Section | 1986 | Fish of the Zaire System |
| Bailey, R.G. | Book Section | 1986 | The Zaire River system |
| Teugels, G.G. | Book Section | 1986 | Channallabes apus |
| Derijst, E. | Journal Article | 1991 | Kataloog der ichthyologische publikaties en nieuwe taxa beschreven door: Dr. Max Poll |
| Mo, T.-P. | Journal Article | 1991 | Anatomy and systematics of Bagridae (Teleostei) and siluroid phylogeny |
| Cabuy, E., Adriaens, D., Verraes, W. and Teugels, G.G. | Journal Article | 1999 | Comparative study on the cranial morphology of Gymnallabes typus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) and their less anguilliform relatives, Clariallabes melas and Clarias gariepinus |
| Sullivan, J.P., Lavoué, S. and Hopkins, C.D. | Journal Article | 2000 | Molecular systematics of the African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: Teleostei) and a model for the evolution of their electric organs |
| Decu, V., Juberthie, C. and Tercafs, R. | Book Section | 2001 | Republique Democratique Du Congo (ex-Zaire) |
| Devaere, S., Adriaens, D., Verraes, W. and Teugels, G.G. | Journal Article | 2001 | Cranial morphology of the anguilliform clariid Channallabes (Gunther 1873) (Teleostei: Siluriformes) are adaptations related to powerful biting? |
| Adriaens, D., Devaere, S., Teugels, G.G., Dekegel, B. and Verraes, W | Journal Article | 2002 | Intraspecific variation in limblessness in vertebrates: a unique example of microevolution |
| Lavoué, S., Sullivan, J.P. and Hopkins, C.D. | Journal Article | 2003 | Phylogenetic utility of the first two introns of the S7 ribosomal protein gene in African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: Teleostei) and congruence with other molecular markers |
| Schelly, R.C. and Stiassny, M.L.J. | Journal Article | 2004 | Revision of the Congo River Lamprologus Schilthuis, 1891 (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with descriptions of two new species |
| Devaere, S, Teugels, G, Adriaens, D, Huysentruyt, F. and Verraes, W. | Journal Article | 2004 | Redescription of Dolichallabes microphthalmus (Poll, 1942) (Siluriformes: Clariidae) |
| De Schepper, N; Adriaens, D; Teugels, GG; et al. | Journal Article | 2004 | Intraspecific variation in the postcranial skeleton morphology in African clariids: a case study of extreme phenotypic plasticity |
| Sullivan, J.P. and Hopkins, C.D. | Journal Article | 2005 | A new Stomatorhinus (Osteoglossomorpha: Mormyridae) from the Ivindo River, Gabon, West Central Africa |
| McNamara, A.M., Denizot, J.-P. and Hopkins, C.D. | Journal Article | 2005 | Comparative anatomy of the electrosensory lateral line lobe of mormyrids: The mystery of the missing map in the genus Stomatorhinus |
| Mamonekene, V. | Book Section | 2005 | Ecoregion 60. Lower Congo rapids |
| Vreven, E.J. | Journal Article | 2005 | Mastacembelidae (Teleostei; Synbranchiformes) subfamily division and African generic division: an evaluation |
| Devaere, S., Adriaens, D., Teugels, G.G., De Clerck, N.M. and Postnov, A.A. | Journal Article | 2005 | Skeletal morphology of the holotype of Gymnallabes nops Roberts & Stewart, 1976, using micro CT-scanning |
| Van Wassenbergh, S; Aerts, P; Adriaens, D; et al. | Journal Article | 2005 | A dynamic model of mouth closing movements in clariid catfishes: the role of enlarged jaw adductors |
| Van Wassenbergh, S; Herrel, A; Adriaens, D; et al. | Journal Article | 2005 | Terrestrial feeding in the eel catfish, Channallabes apus |
| Devaere, S., D. Adriaens, G. G. Teugels and W. Verraes | Journal Article | 2005 | Morphology and spatial constraints in a dorso-ventrally flattened skull, with a revised species description of Platyallabes tihoni (Poll, 1944) |
| Jansen, G., Devaere, S., Weekers, P.H.H. and Adriaens, D. | Journal Article | 2006 | Phylogenetic relationships and divergence time estimate of African anguilliform catfish (Siluriformes: Clariidae) inferred from ribosomal gene and spacer sequences |
| Devaere, S., Adriaens, D. and Verraes, W. | Journal Article | 2007 | Survey of the anguilliform Clariidae (Teleostei, Siluriformes) of Gabon and Republic of Congo, with description of two new species and key to the African clariid genera |
| Devaere, S., Adriaens, D. and Verraes, W. | Journal Article | 2007 | Channallabes sanghaensis sp. n., a new anguilliform catfish from the Congo River basin, with some comments on other anguilliform clariids (Teleostei, Siluriformes) |
| Hanssens, M., Vreven, J., E. and Snoeks, J. | Conference Paper | 2008 | The ichthyofauna of Lower Congo and Pool Malebo |
| Jackson, P.R., Oberg, K.A., Gardiner, N. and Shelton, J. | Conference Paper | 2009 | Velocity mapping in the Lower Congo River: A first look at the unique bathymetry and hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa |
| Vreven, E.J. and Stiassny, M.L.J. | Journal Article | 2009 | Mastacembelus simbi, a new dwarf spiny eel (Synbranchiformes: Mastacembelidae) from the lower Congo River |
| Schobert, C.S., Schwab, I.R., Stiassny, M.L., Schelly, R.C., Lowenstein, J.H., Zeiss, C. and Dubielzig, R.R. | Conference Paper | 2010 | Abstract 4. Comparative ocular anatomy of four species of lower Congo River fish |
| Kish, P.E., Bohnsack, B.L., Gallina, D., Kasprick, D.S. and Kahana, A. | Journal Article | 2011 | The eye as an organizer of craniofacial development |
| Schobert, C.S., Stiassny, M.L.J. and Dubielzig, R.R. | Conference Paper | 2011 | Abstract 12. Comparative ocular and craniofacial anatomy in nine species of lower Congo River fish |
| Schobert, C.S., Stiassny, M.L.J., Jeffery, W.D. and Dubielzig, R.R. | Journal Article | 2011 | Comparative ocular anatomy In troglomorphic fish: Sensory compensation for reduced vision |
| Lavoue, S., Miya, M., Arnegard, M.E., Sullivan, J.P., Hopkins, C.D. and Nishida, M. | Journal Article | 2012 | Comparable ages for the independent origins of electrogenesis in African and South American weakly electric fishes |
| Carlson, B.A., Stevens, J.A., Sukhum, K.V. and Carlson, B.A. | Journal Article | 2013 | Independent evolution of visual and electrosensory specializations in different lineages of Mormyrid electric fishes |
| Lucanus, O. | Journal Article | 2013 | First notes on the husbandry of the blind cichlid Lamprologus lethops from the Congo River |
| Schobert, C.S., Stiassny, M.L.J., Schwab, I.R., Zeiss, C., Schelly, R.C. and Dubielzig, R.R. | Journal Article | 2013 | Comparative occular anatomy in a blind African cichlid fish, Lamprologus lethops |
| Geerinckx, T., Vreven, E.J., Dierick, M., van Hoorebeke, L. and Adriaens, D. | Journal Article | 2013 | Revision of Notoglanidium and related gerera (Siluriformes: Claroteidae) based on morphology and osteology |
| Brawand, D. et al. | Journal Article | 2014 | The genomic substrate for adaptive radiation in African cichlid fish |
| Tougas, S. and Stiassny, M.L.J. | Journal Article | 2014 | Lamprologus markerti, a new lamprologine cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae) endemic to the lower Congo River in the Democratic Republic of Congo, west-central Africa |
| Alter, S.E., Brown, B. and Stiassny, M.L.J. | Journal Article | 2015 | Molecular phylogenetics reveals convergent evolution in lower Congo River spiny eels |
| Stiassny, M.L.J. and Alter, S.E. | Journal Article | 2015 | Phylogenetics of Teleogramma, a riverine clade of African cichlid fishes, with a description of the deep-water molluskivore —Teleogramma obama — from the lower reaches of the middle Congo River. |
| Ozouf-Costaz, C., Coutanceau, J.P., Bonillo, C., Belkadi, L., Fermon, Y., Agnese, J.F., Guidi-Rontani, C. and Paugy, D. | Journal Article | 2015 | First insights into karyotype evolution within the family Mormyridae |
| Lujan, N.K. and Conway, K.W. | Book Section | 2015 | Life in the fast lane: A review of rheophily in freshwater fishes |
| Harrison, I.J., Brummett, R. and Stiassny, M.L.J. | Book Section | 2016 | Congo River basin |
| Alter, S.E., Munshi-South, J. and Stiassny, M.L.J. | Journal Article | 2017 | Genomewide SNP data reveal cryptic phylogeographic structure and microallopatric divergence in a rapids adapted clade of cichlids from the Congo River |
| Mahamba Byanikiro, R., Kankonda Busanga, A., Ndjaki Nsila, J. and Micha, J.-C. | Journal Article | 2017 | Régime alimentaire et biologie de la reproduction de Stomatorhinus corneti Boulanger, 1899 (Pisces, Mormyridae) |
| Day, J.J., Fages, A., Brown, K.J., Vreven, E.J., Stiassny, M.L.J., Bills, R., Friel, J.P. and Ruber, L. | Journal Article | 2017 | Multiple independent colonizations into the Congo Basin during the continental radiation of African Mastacembelus spiny eels |
| Schedel, F.D.B., Musilová, Z. and Schliewen, U.K. | Conference Paper | 2018 | New divergence ages provide novel insights into the biogeographic rigin of the East African Cichlid Radiation (EAR) |
| Stiassny, M.L.J., Monsembula Iyaba, R.J.C., Liyandja, T., Mbimbi Mayi Munene, J.J., Yoko, M., and Alter, E. | Conference Paper | 2018 | The evolution of extreme phenotypic convergence across fish lineages in the hyper-diverse Lower Congo River |
| Schedel, F.D.B., Musilova, Z. and Schliewen, U.K. | Journal Article | 2019 | East African cichlid lineages (Teleostei: Cichlidae) might be older than their ancient host lakes: new divergence estimates for the east African cichlid radiation |
| Sonet, G., Snoeks, J., Nagy, Z.T., Vreven, E., Boden, G., Breman, F.C., Decru, E., Hanssens, M., Zamba, A.I., Jordaens, K., Mamonekene, V., Musschoot, T., Van Houdt, J., Van Steen, M. | Journal Article | 2019 | DNA barcoding fishes from the Congo and the Lower Guinean provinces: Assembling a reference library for poorly inventoried fauna |
| Stiassny, M.L.J. | Journal Article | 2019 | Fishes in the lower Congo River An extreme case of species divergence and convergent evolution |
| Aardema, M.L., Stiassny, M.L.J. and Alter, S.E. | Journal Article | 2020 | Genomic analysis of the only blind Cichlid reveals extensive inactivation in eye and pigment formation genes |
| Elbein, A. | Web Page | 2020 | Earth’s deepest river conceals an evolutionary mystery |
| Stiassny, M.L. and Alter, S.E. | Book Section | 2021 | Life in the fast lane: diversity, ecology, and speciation of cichlids in the lower Congo River |
| Kurata, N.P., Hickerson, M.J., Hoffberg, S.L., Gardiner, N., Stiassny, M.L.J. and Alter, S.E. | Journal Article | 2022 | Riverscape genomics of cichlid fishes in the lower Congo: Uncovering mechanisms of diversification in an extreme hydrological regime |