Journal Article
Living in darkness: Exploring adaptation of Proteus anguinus in 3 dimensions by X-ray imaging
Tesarová, M., Mancini, L., Mauri, E., Aljancic, G., Naparus-Aljancic, M., Kostanjšek, R., Mali, L.B., Zikmund, T., Kaucká, M., Papi, F., Goyens, J., Bouchnita, A., Hellander, A.
Record Number:
5763
Year:
2022
Journal:
GigaScience
Pages:
1-8
Volume:
11
Abstract:
Background: Lightless caves can harbour a wide range of living organisms. Cave animals have evolved a set of morphological, physiological,
and behavioural adaptations known as troglomorphisms, enabling their survival in the perpetual darkness, narrow temperature
and humidity ranges, and nutrient scarcity of the subterranean environment. In this study, we focused on adaptations of skull
shape and sensory systems in the blind cave salamander, Proteus anguinus, also knownas olm or simply proteus—the largest cave tetrapod
and the only European amphibian living exclusively in subterranean environments. This extraordinary amphibian compensates
for the loss of sight by enhanced non-visual sensory systems includingmechanoreceptors, electroreceptors, and chemoreceptors.We
compared developmental stages of P. anguinus with Ambystoma mexicanum, also known as axolotl, to make an exemplary comparison
between cave- and surface-dwelling paedomorphic salamanders.
Findings: We used contrast-enhanced X-ray computed microtomography for the 3D segmentation of the soft tissues in the head of
P. anguinus and A. mexicanum. Sensory organs were visualized to elucidate how the animal is adapted to living in complete darkness.
X-ray microCT datasets were provided along with 3D models for larval, juvenile, and adult specimens, showing the cartilage of the
chondrocranium and the position, shape, and size of the brain, eyes, and olfactory epithelium.
Conclusions: P. anguinus still keeps some of its secrets. Our high-resolution X-ray microCT scans together with 3D models of the
anatomical structures in the head may help to elucidate the nature and origin of the mechanisms behind its adaptations to the
subterranean environment, which led to a series of troglomorphisms.
Keywords: Proteus anguinus, Ambystoma mexicanum, olm, axolotl, X-ray microCT, microtomography, salamander, cave animal, subterranean
adaptations
Times Cited:
1
Relevent Species:
Related Records:
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Kotrošan, D. (2002)Rasprostranjenje čovječije ribice (Proteus anguinus Laurenti 1768) na području Bosne i Hercegovine
Prelovšek, P. M. and Bulog, B. (2003)Biogenesis of melanosomes in Kupffer Cells of Proteus anguinus (Urodela, Amphibia)
Dobrovoljc, K., Falnoga, I., Bulog, B., Tušek-Žnidarič, M. and Ščančar, J. (2003)Hepatic metallothioneins in two neotenic salamanders, Proteus anguinus and Necturus masculosus (Amphibia, Caudata)
Bouquerel, H. and Valet J.P. (2003)Is the Blind Cave Salamander Proteus anguinus Equipped for Magnetic Orientation?
Trontelj, P. and Gorički, Š. (2003)Monophyly of the family Proteidae (Amphibia: Caudata) tested by phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial 12S rDNA sequences
Grosse, W.R. (2004)Grottenolm – Proteus anguinus (Laurenti, 1768)
Menage, S. (2004)Le Protee (Proteus anguinus Laurenti 1768): historique, mythologie, biologie et utilisation en experimentation
Bulog, B. (2004)Amphibia: Proteus
Weber, A. (2004)Amphibia
Bizjak Mali, L. and Bulog, B. (2004)Histology and ultrastructure of the gut epithelium of the neotenic cave salamander, Proteus anguinus (Amphibia, Caudata)
Sket, B., Paragamian, K. and Trontelj, P. (2004)A census of the obligate subterranean fauna of the Balkan peninsula
Sket, B. (2004)Dinaric Karst: Biospeleology
Griffiths, H.I., Krystufek, B. and Reed, J.M. (2004)Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot
Banarescu, P.M. (2004)Distribution pattern of the aquatic fauna of the Balkan peninsula
Bressi, N. (2004)Underground and unknown: updated distribution, ecological notes and conservation guidelines on the Olm Proteus anguinus anguinus in Italy (Amphibia, Proteidae)
Gams, I, (2004)Kras v Sloveniji
Durand, J.P. (2005)Salamanders
Shaw, T.R. (2005)Proteus for scientists and tourists. A history of its 19th century collection and captivity
Sket, B. (2005)Dinaric Karst, Diversity in
Gorički, Š. and Trontelj, P. (2006)Structure and evolution of the mitochondrial control region and flanking sequences in the European cave salamander Proteus anguinus
Gorički, Š. (2006)Phylogeographic and morphological analysis of European cave salamander (Proteus anguinus) populations
Aljančič, M. (2007)Žiga Zois in človeška ribica
Bulog, B. (2007)Okoljske in funkcionalno-morfološke raziskave močerila Proteus anguinus
Sket, B. (2007)Kaj vemo in kaj si mislimo o človeški ribici. Utrinki iz zgodovine in nekaj novosti
Trontelj, P., Gorički, Š., Polak, S., Verovnik, R., Zakšek, V. and Sket, B. (2007)Age estimates for some subteranean taxa and lineages in the Dinaric karst
Trontelj, P., Gorički, Š., Polak, S., Verovnik, R., Zakšek, V. and Sket, B. (2007)Age estimates for some subterranean taxa and lineages in the Dinaric Karst
Lanza, B., Bruschi, S. and Bressi, N. (2007)Proteus anguinus Laurenti, 1768
Prelovšek, P. M., Bizjak Mali, L. and Bulog, B. (2008)Hepatic pigment cells of Proteidae (Amphibia, Urodela): a comparative histochemical and ultrastructural study
Mateš, A. (2008)Čovječja ribica u želucu pastrve u Dretulji
Aljancic, G. (2008)Jamski laboratorij Tular in cloveska ribica
Arntzen, J.W., Denoël, M., Miaud, C., Andreone, F., Vogrin, M., Edgar, P. and Corti, C. (2009)Proteus anguinus
Schlegel, P.A., Steinfartz, S. and Bulog, B. (2009)Non-visual sensory physiology and magnetic orientation in the blind cave salamander, Proteus anguinus (and other cave-dwelling urodele species): review and new results on light-sensitivity and non-visual orientation in subterranean urodeles (Amphibia)
Trontelj, P., Douady, C.J., Fišer, C., Gibert, J., Gorički, Š., Lefébure, T., Sket, B. and Zakšek, V. (2009)A molecular test for cryptic diversity in ground water: How large are the ranges of macro-stygobionts?
Bendik, N.F., Gluesenkamp, A.G. and Chippindale, P.T. (2009)The biogeography and rapid radiation of central Texas neotenic salamanders
Issartel, J., Hervant, F., de Fraipont, M., Clobert, J.and Voituron, Y. (2009)High anoxia tolerance in the subterranean salamander Proteus anguinus without oxidative stress nor activation of antioxidant defenses during reoxygenation
Ozimec, R., Bedek, J., Gottstein, S., Jalžić, B., Slapnik, R., Štamol, V., Bilandžija, H., Dražina, T., Kletečki, E., Komerički, A., Lukić, M. and Pavlek, M. (2009)Crvena knjiga špiljske faune Hrvatske. Ministarstvo kulture, Državni zavod za zaštitu prirode, Republika Hrvatska, Zagreb
Zhang, P. and Wake, D.B. (2009)Higher-level salamander relationships and divergence dates inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes
Yoshizawa, M., Soares, D., Goricki, S., Ashida, G. and Jeffery, W.R. (2009)Evolution of adaptive behaviours in the cavefish Astyanax
Jalzic, B., Lackovic, D., Rada, T. and Gottstein, S. (200x)Biospeleoloska i speleoloska istrazivanja donjeg toka rijeke Neretve
Aljancic, G. (2010)Fifty years of Tular Cave laboratory
Avguštin, G., Gramc, S., Bizjak Mali, L., Bulog, B. and Avguštin, J.A. (2010)The structure and diversity of the microbial community inhabiting the gut of the olm (Proteus anguinus)
Mlinar-Cic, C. (2010)The aquatic life of Postojna-Planina Cave System. Short documentary
Bizjak Mali, L. and Bulog, B. (2010)Ultrastructure of previtellogene oocytes in the neotenic cave salamander Proteus anguinus anguinus (Amphibia, Urodela, Proteidae)
Shaw, T.R. (2010)Aspects of the History of Slovene Karst (1545–2008)
Božič, D. (2010)Neznani sliki človeške ribice v Narodnem muzeju Slovenije v Ljubljani
Issartel, J., Voituron, Y., Guillaume, O., Clobert, J. and Hervant, F. (2010)Selection of physiological and metabolic adaptations to food deprivation in the Pyrenean
newt Calotriton asper during cave colonisation
Bizjak Mali, L., Talaber, I, Žibert, U. and Bulog, B. (2010)Oogenesis in Proteus: stages of oocyte development
Dvorščak, K. (2011)Zgodovina predstavljanja človeške ribice v Postojnski jami
Pezdirc, M., Heath, E., Mali, L.B. and Bulog, B. (2011)PCB accumulation and tissue distribution in cave salamander (Proteus anguinus
anguinus, Amphibia, Urodela) in the polluted karstic hinterland of the Krupa River,
Slovenia
Bizjak Mali, L., Bulog, B. (2011)Follicular ovarian atresia in the olm (Proteus anguinus anguinus)
Trožić, E., Trožić, E. and Trožić, N. (2011)Čovječja Ribica (Proteus anguinus) u Vodama Karstnih Špilja Jelašinovačkog Polja
Voituron, Y., de Fraipont, M., Issartel, J., Guillaume, O. and Clobert, J. (2011)Extreme lifespan of the human fish (Proteus anguinus): a challenge for ageing mechanisms
Hudoklin, A. (2011)Are we guaranteeing the favourable status of the Proteus anguinus in the Natura 2000 network in Slovenia?
Aljancic, G. (2012)The 250th anniversary of the first scientific description of Proteus anguinus
Mulaomerović, J. and Hodžić, M. (2012)Proteus anguinus in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the Middle Ages to today
Goricki, S., Niemiller, M.L. and Fenolio, D.B. (2012)Salamanders
Hajna, N.Z. (2012)Dinaric Karst: Geography and geology
Sket, B. (2012)Diversity patterns in the Dinaric karst
Hervant, F. (2012)Starvation in subterranean species versus surface-dwelling species: Crustaceans, Fish, and Salamanders
Mulaomerović, J. (2013)Proteus(i) na stećcima
Koller, K. (2013)Rasprostranjenost i zaštita vrste Proteus anguinus Laurenti, 1768 u Hrvatskoj
Ivanović, A., Aljančič, G. and Arntzen, J.W. (2013)Skull shape differentiation of black and white olms (Proteus anguinus anguinus and Proteus a. parkelj): An exploratory analysis with micro-CT scanning
Bizjak Mali, L., Sepčić, K. and Bulog, B. (2013)Long-term starvation in cave salamander effects on liver ultrastructure and energy reserve mobilization
Bonett, R.M., Trujano-Alvarez, A.L., Williams, M.J. and Timpe, E.K. (2013)Biogeography and body size shuffling of aquatic salamander communities on a shifting refuge
Bizjak Mali, L., Talaber, I, Žibert, U., Ceket, D., Habič, L. and Bulog, B. (2013)Oogenesis of the olm
Manenti, R. and Ficetola, G.F. (2013)Salamanders breeding in subterranean habitats: local adaptations or behavioural plasticity?
Kovac, L, Elhottova, D, Mock, A, Novakova, A, Kristufek, V, Chronakova, A, Lukesova, A, Mulec, J, Kosel, V, Papac, V, Luptacik, P, Uhrin, M, Visnovska, Z, Hudec, I, Gaal, L and Bella, P (2014)The cave biota of Slovakia
Aljancic, G., Goricki, S., Kuntner, M., Merslyakov, L., Naparus-Aljancic, M., Pavicevic, M. and Stankovic, D. (2014)Endagered Proteus: combining DNA and GIS analyses fot its conservation
Aljančič, G., Gorički, Š., Kuntner, M., Merzlyakov, L., Năpăruş-Aljančič, M., Pavićević, M. and Stanković, D. (2014)A survey of the distribution of Proteus anguinus by environmental DNA sampling
Jelić, D. et al. (2014)A survival blueprint for Olm, Proteus anguinus
Jelić, D., Kuljerić, M., Koren, T., Treer, D., Šalamon, D., Lončar, M., Podnar Lešić, M., Janev Hutinec, B., Bogdanović, T., Mekinić, S. and Jelić, K. (2015)Crvena knjiga vodozemaca i gmazova Hrvatske. Ministarstvo zaštite okoliša i prirode
Balázs, G., Lewarne, B. and Herczeg, G. (2015)In situ Underwater Tagging of Aquatic Organisms: A Test Using the Cave-Dwelling Olm, Proteus anguinus
Sessions, S., Bulog, B. and Mali, L.B. (2015)The phoenix rises: Reversal of cave adaptations in the blind cave salamander, Proteus anguinus?
Sessions, S.K., Bizjak Mali, L., Green, D.M., Trifonov, V. and Ferguson-Smith, M. (2016)Evidence for sex chromosome turnover in proteid salamanders
Mlinar-Cic, C. (2016)Vodni krog – kratek film o soodvisnosti človeške ribice in človeka od čiste podzemne vode
Niemiller, M.L., Zigler, K.S., Stephen, C.D.R., Carter, E.T., Paterson, A.T., Taylor, S.J. and Engel, A.S. (2016)Vertebrate fauna in caves of eastern tennessee within the Appalachians karst region, USA
Knolle, F., Puffe, B. and Ipsen, A. (2016)85 Jahre Grottenolme in der Hermannshöhle in Rübeland – Geschichte und Ausblick
Aljancic, G. and Aljancic. M (2016)International workshop. SOS Proteus: Implementation of mnitoring and practical actions for the conservation of Proteus in Slovenia
Aljancic, G., Aljancic. M. and Golob, Z. (2016)Salvaging the washed-out Proteus
Bizjak Mali. L. and Bulog, B. (2016)Functional morphology and environmental studies on Proteus
Trontelj, P. and Zakšek, V. (2016)Genetic monitoring of Proteus populations
Prelovšek, M. (2016)Proteus survival close to an industrial, agricultural and urbanized basin - the case of Kočevsko polje
Pennisi, E. (2016)Tracking the Slovenian dragon
Gredar, T. and Bizjak Mali, L. (2017)A non-destructive approach for monitoring the health status in the European Blind Cave Salamander, Proteus anguinus: Differential counts of white blood cells from blood smears
Fišer, Ž., Naparus-Aljancic, M., Zakšek, V. and Aljancic, G. (2017)The utility of non-genetic data collected during genetic monitoring of Proteus populations
Kostanjšek, R., Gunde Cimerman, N. and Bizjak Mali, L. (2017)Microbial and parasitic threats to Proteus
Gredar, T. and Bizjak Mali, L. (2017)Cultivation and morphology of blood cells of the olm Proteus anguinus
Aljancic, G. (2017)Trideset let od odkritja crne cloveske ribice
Balázs, G. and Lewarne, B. (2017)Observations on the olm Proteus anguinus population of the Vrelo Vruljak System (Eastern Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Holtze, S., Lukac, M., Cizelj, I., Mutschmann, F., Szentiks, C.A., Jelic, D., Hermes, R., Göritz, F., Braude, S. and Hildebrandt, T.B. (2017)Monitoring health and reproductive status of olms (Proteus anguinus) by ultrasound
Zakšek, V. and Trontelj, P. (2017)Conservation genetics of Proteus in the Postojna-Planina Cave System
Aljancic, G., Aljancic. M. and Trontelj, P. (2017)Second International meeting SOS Proteus. Conservation of the black Proteus and its habitat - 30 years after its discovery
Gorički, S., Stanković, D., Snoj, A., Kuntner, M., Jeffery, W.R., Trontelj, P., Pavićević, M., Grizelj, Z., Năpăruş-Aljančič, M. and Aljančič, G. (2017)Environmental DNA in subterranean biology: range extension and taxonomic implications for Proteus
Sket, B. (2017)Discovering the black proteus Proteus anguinus parkelj (Amphibia Caudata)
Bizjak Mali, L., Dolenc-Batagelj, K., Gnezda, P., Weldt, S. and Sessions, S. (2017)Moving away from the ''cave lab paradigm'': successful captive breeding and raising of the European blind cave salamander Proteus anguinus using ''optimal artificial'' conditions
Kovač Konrad, P. and Šarić, K.K. (2017)The deepest finding of an olm (Proteus anguinus): Zagorska peć, Ogulin, Croatia
Vörös, J., Márton, O., Schmidt, B.R., Gál, J.T., & Jelić, D. (2017)Surveying Europe's only cave-dwelling chordate species (Proteus anguinus) using environmental DNA.
Trontelj, P. and Zakšek, V. (2017)A leap forward in the conservation genetics of Proteus populations
Bizjak-Mali, L. (2017)Variability of testes morphology and the presence of testis-ova in the European blind cave salamander (Proteus anguinus)
Năpăruș-Aljančič, M., Gorički, Š., Stanković, D., Kuntner, M. and Aljančič, G. (2017)GIS analysis to assess the groundwater habitat pollution of black proteus
Hudoklin, A. and Aljancic, G. (2017)Pregled razširjenosti človeške ribice ter njenega odkrivanja na nizkem dolenjskem krasu
Kostanjšek, R., Prodan, Y. and Trontelj, P. (2017)Comparative analysis of skin bacteriome from four natural populations of Proteus anguinus in Slovenia
Ipsen, A. and Knolle, F. (2017)The olm of Hermann’s Cave, Harz Mountains, Germany – eggs laid after more than 80 years
Bonacci, O. (2017)Karst Hydrology : With Special Reference to the Dinaric Karst
Bizjak Mali, L., Zalar, P., Turk, M., Novak Babic, M., Kostanjšek, R. and Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2018)Opportunistic fungal pathogens isolated from a captive individual of the European blind cave salamander Proteus anguinus
Grosse, W. R., Ipsen, A., Guillaume, O. and Aljančič, G. (2018)Proteus anguinus Laurenti, 1768 – Cave salamander
Gredar, T., Prša, P. and Bizjak Mali, L. (2018)Comparative analysis of hematological parameters in wild and captive Proteus anguinus.
Gladstone, N.S., Carter, E.T., Niemiller, K.D.K., Hayter, L.E. and Niemiller, M.L. (2018)A new maximum body size record for the Berry Cave Salamander (Gyrinophilus gulolineatus) and genus Gyrinophilus (Caudata, Plethodontidae) with a comment on body size in plethodontid salamanders
Kirn, T. (2018)Finds of washed-out Proteus from the Pivka intermittent lakes and the Pivka river.
Vörös, J., Ursenbacher, S. and Jelić, D. (2018)Population genetic analyses using 10 new polymorphic microsatellite loci confirms genetic subdivision within the olm, Proteus anguinus
Zakšek, V., Konec, M. and Trontelj, P. (2018)First microsatellite data on Proteus anguinus reveal weak genetic structure between the caves of Postojna and Planina
Jelic, D. (2018)Croatia.Cave Fauna. IX 1. Cave aquatic fauna
Lewarne, B. (2018)Estavela "Hadžiahmetovića Bunar“ (Mostaći): An example of urgent unilateral protection and conservation of an endangered Proteus habitat location in the Trebišnjica River basin
Šarić, K.K., Jelić, D., Konrad, P.K. and Jalžić, B. (2019)Proteus
Amin, O.M., Heckmann, R.A., Fišer, Ž., Zakšek, V., Herlyn, H. and Kostanjšek, R. (2019)Description of Acanthocephalus anguillae balkanicus subsp. n. (Acanthocephala:
Echinorhynchidae) from Proteus anguinus Laurenti (Amphibia: Proteidae) and the cave ecomorph of Asellus aquaticus (Crustaca: Asellidae) in Slovenia
Konrad, P.K., Jelic, D., Jalzik, B. and Jalzic, V. (2019)Appendix 1. Cave system Rupecia-Smitovo Lake
Budic, M. (2019)The Dinaric Karst phenomenon
Bozic, V. (2019)Speleological research in Croatia
Gredar, T., Leonardi, A., Novak, M., Sepcic, K., Bizjak- Mali, L., Križaj, I. and Kostanjšek, R. (2019)Vitellogenin in the European cave salamander, Proteus anguinus: Its characterization and dynamics in a captive female as a basis for non-destructive sex identification
Konrad, P.K. and Cukusic, I. (2019)Cave diving in Croatia
Lewarne, B. and Balázs, G. (2019)Bosnia and Herzegovina - a brief historical review of research
Bedek, J. and Lukic, M. (2019)Speleobiological research on invertebrates in Croatia
Balazs, G., Lewarne, B. and Herczeg, G. (2019)Appendix 2. CMR (Capture-Mark-Recapture) study of Proteus anguinus in Vruljak I Cave (Bosnia and Herzegovina - RS)
Basara, D., Cvitanovic, H. and Saric, K.K. (2019)Speleological publications
Holtze, S., Lukac, M., Cizelj, I., Mutschmann, F., Szentiks, C.A., Jelic, D., hermes, R., Goritz, F., Braude, S. and Hilderbtandt, T.B. (2019)Appendix 5. Ultrasonography as a method for monitoring health and reproductive conditions of Proteus
Gorički, Š., Niemiller, M.L., Fenolio, D.B. and Gluesenkamp, AG. (2019)Salamanders
Jelic, D. and Saric, K.K. (2019)Introduction
Sremac, J. and Karaica, B. (2019)Evolution and phylogenetic relationships
Saric, K.K. and Jelic, D. (2019)Proteus anguinus species
Saric, K.K. (2019)Habitat
Sket, B. (2019)Proteus' co-residents
Saric, K.K., Jelic, D. and Aljancic, G. (2019)A brief historical review of Proteus research in the Dinaric Karst
Saric, K.K. (2019)Species distribution - Introduction
Bressi, N. (2019)Italy - A brief historical review of research
Kolar, B. (2019)The threshold concentration for nitrate in groundwater as a habitat of Proteus anguinus
Aljancic, G., Golob, Z., Naparus-Aljancic, M., Turk, T. Kibib, N., Vek, M., Kostanjsek, R. and Grunde-Cimerman, N. (2019)Mitigating the potential risk of chytridiomtcete fungi and ranavirus infection at the sanctuary for injured Proteus (Proteus anguinus) of the Tular cave laboratory
Aljancic, G. (2019)Slovenia - A brief historical review of research
Saric, K.K., Jalzic, B. and Jelic, D. (2019)Croatia - a brief historical review of research
Saric, K.K. (2019)Montenegro - a brief historical review of research
Saric, K.K. and Jelic, D. (2019)Structure and anatomy
Aljančič, G. (2019)History of research on Proteus anguinus Laurenti 1768 in Slovenia
Saric, K.K. and Jelic, D. (2019)Physiology
Kostanjšek, R., Prodan, Y., Stres, B. and Trontelj, P. (2019)Composition of the cutaneous bacterial community of a cave amphibian, Proteus anguinus
Saric, K.K. and Aljancic, G. (2019)Reproductive biology
Konrad, P.K. and Saric, K.K. (2019)Appendix 1. Introduction to Proteus research in Croatia as a part of a project "Karst - the Dinaric Arc karst biodiversity conservation programme"
Hajna, N.Z. (2019)Dinaric karst - Geography and geology
Brancelj, A., Mori, N., Treu, F. and Stoch, F. (2019)The groundwater fauna of the Classical Karst: hydrogeological indicators and descriptors
Mulec, J. (2020)Interview with Rok Kotanjšek and Nina Gunde-Cimerman. Welcome to the -omics era of the 21st century: will Proteus anguinus finally reveal all its mysteries?
Anonymous (2020)Books received - Proteus edited by Šarić, Jelić, Konrad, and Jalžić (2019)
Lewarne, B. and Balázs, G. (2020)Observed air-breathing behaviour of Proteus anguinus individuals under an intermittent hypoxic scenario in their natural habitat, with details of the prevailing environmental conditions
Lewarne, B. and Allain, S.J.R. (2020)The unnatural history of cave olms Proteus anguinus in England
Balázs, G., Lewarne, B. and Herczeg, G. (2020)Extreme site fidelity of the olm (Proteus anguinus) revealed by a long-term capture–mark–recapture study
Li. Z., Verbrugghe, E., Konstanjšek, R., Lukač, M., Pasmans, .F, Cizelj., I. and Martel, A. (2020)Dampened virulence and limited proliferation of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans during subclinical infection of the troglobiont olm (Proteus anguinus)
Gredar, T. (2020)Development of non-destructive approaches for sex identification in the Proteus (Proteus anguinus, Urodela, Amphibia)
Kostanjšek, R., Turk, M., Vek, M., Gutierrez-Aguirre, I. and Gunde Cimerman, N. (2021)First screening for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, B. salamandrivorans and Ranavirus infections in wild and captive amphibians in Slovenia
Lučić, I. (2021)Interview with Boris Sket: Nothing has a sense in speleobiology, without a comparison of cave animals with the 'normal' epigean ones
Garasic, M. (2021)The Dinaric Karst System of Croatia. Speleology and Cave Exploration
Whittaker, K. and Koo, M.S. (2021)Proteus anguinus: Olm
Tesarová, M., Mancini, L., Mauri, E., Aljancic, G., Naparus-Aljancic, M., Kostanjšek, R., Mali, L.B., Zikmund, T., Kaucká, M., Papi, F., Goyens, J., Bouchnita, A., Hellander, A. (2022)Living in darkness: Exploring adaptation of Proteus anguinus in 3 dimensions by X-ray imaging
Kostanjšek, R. et al. (2022)Towards the massive genome of Proteus anguinus, illuminating longevity, regeneration, convergent evolution and metabolic disorders
Guillaume, O. (2022)The cave salamander Proteus anguinus in captivity in Moulis, France for the scientific research
Barzaghi, B., Ficetola, F.G., Mauri, E., Restaino, M., Lombardi, B. and Manenti, R. (2022)Preliminary study on differences characterizes the populations of olm (Proteus anguinus) in cave and those found in epigean environment
Zalar, P., Gubenšek, A., Gostinˇcar, C., Kostanjšek, R., Bizjak-Mali, L. and Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2022)Cultivable skin mycobiota of healthy and diseased blind cave salamander (Proteus anguinus)
Niemiller, M.L., Carter, E.T., Fenolio, D.B., Gluesenkamp, A.G. and Phillips, J.G. (2022)Subterranean colonisation and diversification of cave-dwelling salamanders
Niemiller, M.L., Carter, E.T., Gladstone, N.S., Niemiller, K.D.K., Hayter, L.E., Engel, A.S., Miller, B.T., and Fitzpatrick, B.M. (2022)The distribution, ecology, life history, and conservation status of the Berry Cave salamander (Gyrinophilus gulolineatus)
Di Lorenzo, T., Avramov, M., Galassi, D.M.P., Iepure, S., Mammola, S., Reboleira, A.S.P.S and Hervant, F. (2023)Chapter 20. Physiological tolerance and ecotoxicological constraints of groundwater fauna
Ravbar, N., Viršek, D. and Năpăruş-Aljančič, M. (2023)New locality of Proteus anguinus in the area of the Tabor Ridge near Grosuplje, central Slovenia
Petrescu-Mag, V. (2023)The olm (Proteus anguinus) and cave life
Recknagel, H., Zakšek, V., Delić, T., Gorički, S. and Trontelj, P. (2023)Multiple transitions between realms shape relict lineages of Proteus cave salamanders
Voituron, Y., Guillaume, O., Dumet, A., Zahn. S and Criscuolo, F. (2023)Temperature-independent telomere lengthening with age in the long-lived human fish (Proteus anguinus)
Kostanjsek, R., Zaksek, V., Bizjak-Mali, L. and Trontelj, P. (2023)Chapter 13. The olm (Proteus anguinus), a flagship groundwater species
Peter Kozel, P., Novak, T., Janžekovič, F. and Lipovšek, S. (2023)Starvation hardiness as preadaptation for life in subterranean habitats
Barzaghi, B. (2023)Between light and darkness: The round-trip of surface and subterranean animals
Lewarne, B. and Allain, S.J.R. (2023)Attempted predation of a cave olm Proteus anguinus by a dice water snake Natrix tessellata, in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Manenti, R., Vinci, L., Barzaghi, B., Lombardi, B., Teodoro, C., Baglioni, L., Melotto, A. and Francesco Ficetola, G. (2024)Sit-and-wait foraging is not enough in food-deprived environments: evidence from groundwater and salamanders
Anonymous (2024)Wikipedia: Olm
Di Lorenzo, T., Mori, M. and Simčič, T. (2024)Metabolic rates of groundwater species as a function of body mass and temperature
Di Lorenzo, T., Mori, N. and Simčič, T. (2024)Dataset for “Metabolic rates of groundwater species as a function of body mass and temperature”
Hoover, H., Manenti, R. and Melotto, A. (2024)The role of experience in the visual and non-visual prey recognition of Fire Salamander populations from caves and streams
Fuerst-Bjeliš, B., Mrgić, J., Petrić, H., Zorn, M. and Zwitter, Z. (2024)Environmental histories of the Dinaric Karst
Scapolatiello, A., Grgić, M., Greco, S., Puljas, S., Bilandžija, H. and Gerdol,M. (2024)Congeria in the Dinaric Karst: Conservation and scientific study of a unique cavedwelling bivalve genus
IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2024)Amphibian conservation action plan: A status review and roadmap for global amphibian conservation
Gredar, T., Šarac, A., Prša, P., Fišer, Z., Kostanjšek, R. and Bizjak Mali, L. (2024)Morphology and differential counts of blood cells as important health indicators in the olm, Proteus anguinus