Proteus anguinus
Laurenti 1768
| ORDER | FAMILY |
|---|---|
| Urodela | Proteidae |
Synonyms
see below
There are numerous synonyms, see the Amphibians of the World webpage for a full list
Common name is Olm, or The Olm
Country
Dinaric KarstHabitat
This species is stygobitic (i.e. aquatic)
Systematics
The genus Proteus Laurenti 1768 is widely distributed on the eastern side of the Adriatic Sea and populations are currently found in Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia Herzegovina and probably also in Montenegro (Kostanjsek et al. 2023). Currently there is only one nominal species in the genus, Proteus anguinus Laurenti 1768 with two subspecies: P. anguinus anguinus Laurenti 1768 and P. anguinus parkelj Sket and Arntzen 1994. The first of these subspecies in troglomorphic whereas the second is pigmented and known as the “black Proteus” or “black morph”. Populations are found over a linear northwest to southeast distance of 500km and it has been hypothesized several times that these are not all the same species. There is now clear genetic evidence that there are at least nine evolutionary significant units (ESUs) across this distribution and in due course it is highly likely that all of these nine will eventually be described as separate species with their own species names. Currently (see Kostanjsek et al. 2023 and Recknagel et al. 2023 for details) there are nine named ESUs:
Ljubljanica (containing the type locailty of P. anguinus which will eventually be the only species to bear this name)
Kras/Carso
Stiĉna
Dolenjska
Proteus anguinus parkelj
Istra
Lika
Krajina
Para-Littoral
Making 9 probable species in the genus. This will mean that there are currently 25 global species of subterranean Amphibia (16 in North and Central America and 9 in Europe).
Conservation Status
VU B2ab (ii,iii,v)
Internet Resources
Key References
In order to save time and resources all bibliographic details for the nine Proteus species are provided under the species account for Proteus anguinus. These references are all entirely relevant to all nine known species but nothing is gained by repeating them nine times
- Valvasor J.W. (1689)
- Laurenti J.L. (1768)
- Schreibers, C. von. (1801)
- Configliachi, P. and Rusconi, M. (1821)
- Hochenwart, F. (1838)
- Fitzinger, L. (1850)
- Fejervary, G.J. (1926)
- Briegleb, W. (1962)
- Briegleb, W. (1963)
- Abrami, G. (1966)
- Istenič, L. (1971)
- Istenič, L. and Sojar, A. (1972)
- Durand, J.P. (1972)
- Thines, G. and Durand, J. (1973)
- Durand, J.P. (1973)
- Durand, J.P. (1976)
- Sket, B. and Velkovrh, F. (1978)
- Istenič, L. (1979)
- Garasic, M. (1980)
- Kranjec, N. (1981)
- Durand, J.P. and Delay, B. (1981)
- Sojar, A., Istenič, L. and Musar, D. (1981)
- Durand, J.P. (1982)
- Istenič, L. (1986)
- Aljančič, M., Habič, P. and Mihevc, A. (1986)
- Bulog, B. (1989)
- Aljančič, M., Bulog, B., Kranjc, A., Josipovič, D., Sket, B. and Skoberne, P. (1993)
- Sket, B. and Arntzen, J.W. (1994)
- Grillitsch, H. and Tiedemann, F. (1994)
- Sket, B. (1994)
- Kletecki, E., Jalzic, B. and Rada, T. (1996)
- Sket, B. (1997)
- Durand, J.P. (1998)
- Aljancic, G. and Aljancic. M (1998)
- Šolaja, M., Pocrnjić, Z. and Topalić, L. (1998)
- Dumas, P. and Chris, B. (1998)
- Tvrtkovic, N. (1999)
- Weber, A. (2000)
- Kos, M., Bulog, B., Szél, Á. and Röhlich, P. (2001)
- Tercafs, R. (2001)
- Hervant, F., Mathieu, J. and Durand, J. (2001)
- Kletecki, E., Jalzic, B. and Rada, T. (2002)
- Bulog, B. (2004)
- Weber, A. (2004)
- Sket, B., Paragamian, K. and Trontelj, P. (2004)
- Sket, B. (2004)
- Durand, J.P. (2005)
- Sket, B. (2005)
- Gorički, Š. and Trontelj, P. (2006)
- Trontelj, P., Gorički, Š., Polak, S., Verovnik, R., Zakšek, V. and Sket, B. (2007)
- Aljancic, G. (2008)
- Schlegel, P.A., Steinfartz, S. and Bulog, B. (2009)
- Issartel, J., Hervant, F., de Fraipont, M., Clobert, J.and Voituron, Y. (2009)
- Aljancic, G. (2010)
- Voituron, Y., de Fraipont, M., Issartel, J., Guillaume, O. and Clobert, J. (2011)
- Pezdirc, M., Heath, E., Mali, L.B. and Bulog, B. (2011)
- Aljancic, G. (2012)
- Goricki, S., Niemiller, M.L. and Fenolio, D.B. (2012)
- Hajna, N.Z. (2012)
- Sket, B. (2012)
- Hervant, F. (2012)
- Ivanović, A., Aljančič, G. and Arntzen, J.W. (2013)
- Manenti, R. and Ficetola, G.F. (2013)
- Jelić, D. et al. (2014)
- Sessions, S., Bulog, B. and Mali, L.B. (2015)
- Prelovšek, M. (2016)
- Niemiller, M.L., Zigler, K.S., Stephen, C.D.R., Carter, E.T., Paterson, A.T., Taylor, S.J. and Engel, A.S. (2016)
- Bizjak Mali. L. and Bulog, B. (2016)
- Vörös, J., Márton, O., Schmidt, B.R., Gál, J.T., & Jelić, D. (2017)
- Bizjak-Mali, L. (2017)
- Năpăruș-Aljančič, M., Gorički, Š., Stanković, D., Kuntner, M. and Aljančič, G. (2017)
- Aljancic, G. (2017)
- Bonacci, O. (2017)
- Gorički, S., Stanković, D., Snoj, A., Kuntner, M., Jeffery, W.R., Trontelj, P., Pavićević, M., Grizelj, Z., Năpăruş-Aljančič, M. and Aljančič, G. (2017)
- Vörös, J., Ursenbacher, S. and Jelić, D. (2018)
- Zakšek, V., Konec, M. and Trontelj, P. (2018)
- Gladstone, N.S., Carter, E.T., Niemiller, K.D.K., Hayter, L.E. and Niemiller, M.L. (2018)
- Jelic, D. (2018)
- Saric, K.K. and Jelic, D. (2019)
- Saric, K.K. (2019)
- Sket, B. (2019)
- Kolar, B. (2019)
- Saric, K.K., Jelic, D. and Aljancic, G. (2019)
- Saric, K.K. (2019)
- Aljančič, G. (2019)
- Bressi, N. (2019)
- Kostanjšek, R., Prodan, Y., Stres, B. and Trontelj, P. (2019)
- Aljancic, G. (2019)
- Saric, K.K., Jalzic, B. and Jelic, D. (2019)
- Saric, K.K. (2019)
- Budic, M. (2019)
- Saric, K.K. and Jelic, D. (2019)
- Bozic, V. (2019)
- Gorički, Š., Niemiller, M.L., Fenolio, D.B. and Gluesenkamp, AG. (2019)
- Saric, K.K. and Jelic, D. (2019)
- Konrad, P.K. and Cukusic, I. (2019)
- Bedek, J. and Lukic, M. (2019)
- Saric, K.K. and Aljancic, G. (2019)
- Basara, D., Cvitanovic, H. and Saric, K.K. (2019)
- Šarić, K.K., Jelić, D., Konrad, P.K. and Jalžić, B. (2019)
- Konrad, P.K. and Saric, K.K. (2019)
- Jelic, D. and Saric, K.K. (2019)
- Sremac, J. and Karaica, B. (2019)
- Mulec, J. (2020)
- Balázs, G., Lewarne, B. and Herczeg, G. (2020)
- Anonymous (2020)
- Li. Z., Verbrugghe, E., Konstanjšek, R., Lukač, M., Pasmans, .F, Cizelj., I. and Martel, A. (2020)
- Gredar, T. (2020)
- Lewarne, B. and Balázs, G. (2020)
- Lewarne, B. and Allain, S.J.R. (2020)
- Whittaker, K. and Koo, M.S. (2021)
- Garasic, M. (2021)
- Niemiller, M.L., Carter, E.T., Fenolio, D.B., Gluesenkamp, A.G. and Phillips, J.G. (2022)
- Niemiller, M.L., Carter, E.T., Gladstone, N.S., Niemiller, K.D.K., Hayter, L.E., Engel, A.S., Miller, B.T., and Fitzpatrick, B.M. (2022)
- Tesarová, M., Mancini, L., Mauri, E., Aljancic, G., Naparus-Aljancic, M., Kostanjšek, R., Mali, L.B., Zikmund, T., Kaucká, M., Papi, F., Goyens, J., Bouchnita, A., Hellander, A. (2022)
- Kostanjšek, R. et al. (2022)
- Guillaume, O. (2022)
- Barzaghi, B., Ficetola, F.G., Mauri, E., Restaino, M., Lombardi, B. and Manenti, R. (2022)
- Kostanjsek, R., Zaksek, V., Bizjak-Mali, L. and Trontelj, P. (2023)
- Ravbar, N., Viršek, D. and Năpăruş-Aljančič, M. (2023)
- Petrescu-Mag, V. (2023)
- Voituron, Y., Guillaume, O., Dumet, A., Zahn. S and Criscuolo, F. (2023)
- Lewarne, B. and Allain, S.J.R. (2023)
- Barzaghi, B. (2023)
- Recknagel, H., Zakšek, V., Delić, T., Gorički, S. and Trontelj, P. (2023)
- Manenti, R., Vinci, L., Barzaghi, B., Lombardi, B., Teodoro, C., Baglioni, L., Melotto, A. and Francesco Ficetola, G. (2024)
- Anonymous (2024)
- Hoover, H., Manenti, R. and Melotto, A. (2024)
| Valvasor J.W. | Book | 1689 | Die Ehre des Herzogthums Crain. |
| Laurenti J.L. | Book | 1768 | Specimen Medicum, Exhibens Synopin Reptilium Emendatam cum Experimentis circa Venena et Antidota Reptilium Austriacorum. |
| Schreibers, C. von. | Journal Article | 1801 | A historical and anatomical description of a doubtful amphibious animal of Germany called by Laurenti Proteus anguineus |
| Configliachi, P. and Rusconi, M. | Journal Article | 1821 | Observations on the natural history and structure of the Proteus anguinus. Section 6. On the organs of respiration |
| Hochenwart, F. | Journal Article | 1838 | Proteus anguinus |
| Fitzinger, L. | Journal Article | 1850 | Ueber den Proteus anguinus der Autoren |
| Fejervary, G.J. | Journal Article | 1926 | Note sur la variation du Protee et description d'individus provenants d'un nouvel habitat |
| Briegleb, W. | Journal Article | 1962 | Zur Biologie und Oekologie des Grottenolms (Proteus anguinus Laur. 1768) |
| Briegleb, W. | Journal Article | 1963 | Zur Kenntnis eines Ökotops von Proteus anguinus Laur.1768 (On the knowledge of the ecotope of the Proteus anguinus Laur. 1768) |
| Abrami, G. | Journal Article | 1966 | Osservazioni sulla distribuzione del Proteus anguinus |
| Istenič, L. | Journal Article | 1971 | Izhodišče za Reševanje Ekološke Problematike Človeške Ribice (Proteus anguinus Laur.1768.) (Approach to the solution of the problem of the ecology of Proteus) |
| Istenič, L. and Sojar, A. | Journal Article | 1972 | Poraba kisika pri Močerilu - Proteus anguinus (Oxygen Consumption of Proteus anguinus) |
| Durand, J.P. | Journal Article | 1972 | Recherches sur l'appareil visuel du protee, Proteus anguinus Laurenti, urodele hypoge |
| Thines, G. and Durand, J. | Journal Article | 1973 | Connaissances actuelles sur l'appareil sensoriel da la ligne laterale chez les vertebres cavernicoles aquatique |
| Durand, J.P. | Journal Article | 1973 | Development et involution oculaire de Proteus anguinus Laurenti Urodele cavernicole |
| Durand, J.P. | Journal Article | 1976 | Rudimentation des yeux chez les poissons et urodeles souterraines |
| Sket, B. and Velkovrh, F. | Journal Article | 1978 | The discovery of Proteus-eggs (Proteus anguinus Laurenti, Amphibia) in seminatural conditions |
| Istenič, L. | Journal Article | 1979 | Pomanjkanje kisika v Putickovem jezeru Planinske jame (The oxygen deficit in Putick Lake of Planinska Jama) |
| Garasic, M. | Conference Paper | 1980 | Pronadjena covjecja ribica (Proteus anguinus) u podzemnoj rijeci Rokine bezdane kod Jezerana u Lici |
| Kranjec, N. | Thesis | 1981 | Razsirjenost in variabilnost mocerila (Proteus anguinus Laurenti) |
| Durand, J.P. and Delay, B. | Journal Article | 1981 | Influence of temperature on the development of Proteus anguinus (Caudata: Proteidae) and relation with its habitat in the subterranean world |
| Sojar, A., Istenič, L. and Musar, D. | Journal Article | 1981 | Udisanje vazduha i problematika uloge pluća kod Proteus (Air Inhaling and problems of the role of lungs with the Proteus) |
| Durand, J.P. | Journal Article | 1982 | Donnees et hypotheses sur l'evolution des Proteidae |
| Istenič, L. | Conference Paper | 1986 | Evidence of hypoxic conditions in the habitat of the cave salamander Proteus anguinus in the Planinska Jama |
| Aljančič, M., Habič, P. and Mihevc, A. | Journal Article | 1986 | Črni močeril iz Bele krajine [The Black olm from White Carniola] |
| Bulog, B. | Journal Article | 1989 | Differentiation of the inner ear sensory epithelia of Proteus anguinus (Urodela, Amphibia) |
| Aljančič, M., Bulog, B., Kranjc, A., Josipovič, D., Sket, B. and Skoberne, P. | Book | 1993 | Proteus – The Mysterious Ruler of Karst Darkness |
| Sket, B. and Arntzen, J.W. | Journal Article | 1994 | A black, non-troglomorphic amphibian from the karst of Slovenia: Proteus anguinus parkelj n. ssp. (Urodela: Proteidae) |
| Grillitsch, H. and Tiedemann, F. | Journal Article | 1994 | Die Grottenolm-Typen Leopold Fitzingers (Caudata: Proteidae: Proteus) |
| Sket, B. | Book Section | 1994 | "Yugoslavia" (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia) |
| Kletecki, E., Jalzic, B. and Rada, T. | Journal Article | 1996 | Distribution of the Olm (Proteus anguinus, Laur.) in Croatia |
| Sket, B. | Journal Article | 1997 | Distribution of Proteus (Amphibia: Urodela: Proteidae) and its possible explanation |
| Durand, J.P. | Book Section | 1998 | Amphibia |
| Aljancic, G. and Aljancic. M | Journal Article | 1998 | Cloveska ribica (Proteus anguinus) |
| Šolaja, M., Pocrnjić, Z. and Topalić, L. | Journal Article | 1998 | Uticaj termičke adaptacije na bazalni metabolizam Proteusa (Proteus anguinus). (Influence of thermal adaptation on the basal metabolism of Proteus) |
| Dumas, P. and Chris, B. | Journal Article | 1998 | The olfaction in Proteus anguinus: a behavioural and cytological study |
| Tvrtkovic, N. | Journal Article | 1999 | Cavernicole vertebrates of the Dinaric karst |
| Weber, A. | Book Section | 2000 | Fish and amphibia |
| Kos, M., Bulog, B., Szél, Á. and Röhlich, P. | Journal Article | 2001 | Immunocytochemical demonstration of visual pigments in the degenerate retinal and pineal photoreceptors of the blind cave salamander (Proteus anguinus). |
| Tercafs, R. | Book | 2001 | The protection of the subterranean environment: Conservation principles and management tools |
| Hervant, F., Mathieu, J. and Durand, J. | Journal Article | 2001 | Behavioural, physiological and metabolic responses to long-term starvation and refeeding in a blind cave-dwelling (Proteus anguinus) and a surface-dwelling (Euproctus asper) salamander |
| Kletecki, E., Jalzic, B. and Rada, T. | Book Section | 2002 | Amphibia |
| Bulog, B. | Book Section | 2004 | Amphibia: Proteus |
| Weber, A. | Book Section | 2004 | Amphibia |
| Sket, B., Paragamian, K. and Trontelj, P. | Book Section | 2004 | A census of the obligate subterranean fauna of the Balkan peninsula |
| Sket, B. | Book Section | 2004 | Dinaric Karst: Biospeleology |
| Durand, J.P. | Book Section | 2005 | Salamanders |
| Sket, B. | Book Section | 2005 | Dinaric Karst, Diversity in |
| Gorički, Š. and Trontelj, P. | Journal Article | 2006 | Structure and evolution of the mitochondrial control region and flanking sequences in the European cave salamander Proteus anguinus |
| Trontelj, P., Gorički, Š., Polak, S., Verovnik, R., Zakšek, V. and Sket, B. | Journal Article | 2007 | Age estimates for some subterranean taxa and lineages in the Dinaric Karst |
| Aljancic, G. | Journal Article | 2008 | Jamski laboratorij Tular in cloveska ribica |
| Schlegel, P.A., Steinfartz, S. and Bulog, B. | Journal Article | 2009 | Non-visual sensory physiology and magnetic orientation in the blind cave salamander, Proteus anguinus (and other cave-dwelling urodele species): review and new results on light-sensitivity and non-visual orientation in subterranean urodeles (Amphibia) |
| Issartel, J., Hervant, F., de Fraipont, M., Clobert, J.and Voituron, Y. | Journal Article | 2009 | High anoxia tolerance in the subterranean salamander Proteus anguinus without oxidative stress nor activation of antioxidant defenses during reoxygenation |
| Aljancic, G. | Conference Paper | 2010 | Fifty years of Tular Cave laboratory |
| Voituron, Y., de Fraipont, M., Issartel, J., Guillaume, O. and Clobert, J. | Journal Article | 2011 | Extreme lifespan of the human fish (Proteus anguinus): a challenge for ageing mechanisms |
| Pezdirc, M., Heath, E., Mali, L.B. and Bulog, B. | Journal Article | 2011 | PCB accumulation and tissue distribution in cave salamander (Proteus anguinus anguinus, Amphibia, Urodela) in the polluted karstic hinterland of the Krupa River, Slovenia |
| Aljancic, G. | Conference Paper | 2012 | The 250th anniversary of the first scientific description of Proteus anguinus |
| Goricki, S., Niemiller, M.L. and Fenolio, D.B. | Book Section | 2012 | Salamanders |
| Hajna, N.Z. | Book Section | 2012 | Dinaric Karst: Geography and geology |
| Sket, B. | Book Section | 2012 | Diversity patterns in the Dinaric karst |
| Hervant, F. | Book Section | 2012 | Starvation in subterranean species versus surface-dwelling species: Crustaceans, Fish, and Salamanders |
| Ivanović, A., Aljančič, G. and Arntzen, J.W. | Journal Article | 2013 | Skull shape differentiation of black and white olms (Proteus anguinus anguinus and Proteus a. parkelj): An exploratory analysis with micro-CT scanning |
| Manenti, R. and Ficetola, G.F. | Journal Article | 2013 | Salamanders breeding in subterranean habitats: local adaptations or behavioural plasticity? |
| Jelić, D. et al. | Journal Article | 2014 | A survival blueprint for Olm, Proteus anguinus |
| Sessions, S., Bulog, B. and Mali, L.B. | Journal Article | 2015 | The phoenix rises: Reversal of cave adaptations in the blind cave salamander, Proteus anguinus? |
| Prelovšek, M. | Journal Article | 2016 | Proteus survival close to an industrial, agricultural and urbanized basin - the case of Kočevsko polje |
| Niemiller, M.L., Zigler, K.S., Stephen, C.D.R., Carter, E.T., Paterson, A.T., Taylor, S.J. and Engel, A.S. | Journal Article | 2016 | Vertebrate fauna in caves of eastern tennessee within the Appalachians karst region, USA |
| Bizjak Mali. L. and Bulog, B. | Journal Article | 2016 | Functional morphology and environmental studies on Proteus |
| Vörös, J., Márton, O., Schmidt, B.R., Gál, J.T., & Jelić, D. | Journal Article | 2017 | Surveying Europe's only cave-dwelling chordate species (Proteus anguinus) using environmental DNA. |
| Bizjak-Mali, L. | Journal Article | 2017 | Variability of testes morphology and the presence of testis-ova in the European blind cave salamander (Proteus anguinus) |
| Năpăruș-Aljančič, M., Gorički, Š., Stanković, D., Kuntner, M. and Aljančič, G. | Journal Article | 2017 | GIS analysis to assess the groundwater habitat pollution of black proteus |
| Aljancic, G. | Journal Article | 2017 | Trideset let od odkritja crne cloveske ribice |
| Bonacci, O. | Book | 2017 | Karst Hydrology : With Special Reference to the Dinaric Karst |
| Gorički, S., Stanković, D., Snoj, A., Kuntner, M., Jeffery, W.R., Trontelj, P., Pavićević, M., Grizelj, Z., Năpăruş-Aljančič, M. and Aljančič, G. | Journal Article | 2017 | Environmental DNA in subterranean biology: range extension and taxonomic implications for Proteus |
| Vörös, J., Ursenbacher, S. and Jelić, D. | Journal Article | 2018 | Population genetic analyses using 10 new polymorphic microsatellite loci confirms genetic subdivision within the olm, Proteus anguinus |
| Zakšek, V., Konec, M. and Trontelj, P. | Journal Article | 2018 | First microsatellite data on Proteus anguinus reveal weak genetic structure between the caves of Postojna and Planina |
| Gladstone, N.S., Carter, E.T., Niemiller, K.D.K., Hayter, L.E. and Niemiller, M.L. | Journal Article | 2018 | A new maximum body size record for the Berry Cave Salamander (Gyrinophilus gulolineatus) and genus Gyrinophilus (Caudata, Plethodontidae) with a comment on body size in plethodontid salamanders |
| Jelic, D. | Book Section | 2018 | Croatia.Cave Fauna. IX 1. Cave aquatic fauna |
| Saric, K.K. and Jelic, D. | Book Section | 2019 | Proteus anguinus species |
| Saric, K.K. | Book Section | 2019 | Habitat |
| Sket, B. | Book Section | 2019 | Proteus' co-residents |
| Kolar, B. | Journal Article | 2019 | The threshold concentration for nitrate in groundwater as a habitat of Proteus anguinus |
| Saric, K.K., Jelic, D. and Aljancic, G. | Book Section | 2019 | A brief historical review of Proteus research in the Dinaric Karst |
| Saric, K.K. | Book Section | 2019 | Species distribution - Introduction |
| Aljančič, G. | Journal Article | 2019 | History of research on Proteus anguinus Laurenti 1768 in Slovenia |
| Bressi, N. | Book Section | 2019 | Italy - A brief historical review of research |
| Kostanjšek, R., Prodan, Y., Stres, B. and Trontelj, P. | Journal Article | 2019 | Composition of the cutaneous bacterial community of a cave amphibian, Proteus anguinus |
| Aljancic, G. | Book Section | 2019 | Slovenia - A brief historical review of research |
| Saric, K.K., Jalzic, B. and Jelic, D. | Book Section | 2019 | Croatia - a brief historical review of research |
| Saric, K.K. | Book Section | 2019 | Montenegro - a brief historical review of research |
| Budic, M. | Book Section | 2019 | The Dinaric Karst phenomenon |
| Saric, K.K. and Jelic, D. | Book Section | 2019 | Structure and anatomy |
| Bozic, V. | Book Section | 2019 | Speleological research in Croatia |
| Gorički, Š., Niemiller, M.L., Fenolio, D.B. and Gluesenkamp, AG. | Book Section | 2019 | Salamanders |
| Saric, K.K. and Jelic, D. | Book Section | 2019 | Physiology |
| Konrad, P.K. and Cukusic, I. | Book Section | 2019 | Cave diving in Croatia |
| Bedek, J. and Lukic, M. | Book Section | 2019 | Speleobiological research on invertebrates in Croatia |
| Saric, K.K. and Aljancic, G. | Book Section | 2019 | Reproductive biology |
| Basara, D., Cvitanovic, H. and Saric, K.K. | Book Section | 2019 | Speleological publications |
| Šarić, K.K., Jelić, D., Konrad, P.K. and Jalžić, B. | Book | 2019 | Proteus |
| Konrad, P.K. and Saric, K.K. | Book Section | 2019 | Appendix 1. Introduction to Proteus research in Croatia as a part of a project "Karst - the Dinaric Arc karst biodiversity conservation programme" |
| Jelic, D. and Saric, K.K. | Book Section | 2019 | Introduction |
| Sremac, J. and Karaica, B. | Book Section | 2019 | Evolution and phylogenetic relationships |
| Mulec, J. | Journal Article | 2020 | Interview with Rok Kotanjšek and Nina Gunde-Cimerman. Welcome to the -omics era of the 21st century: will Proteus anguinus finally reveal all its mysteries? |
| Balázs, G., Lewarne, B. and Herczeg, G. | Journal Article | 2020 | Extreme site fidelity of the olm (Proteus anguinus) revealed by a long-term capture–mark–recapture study |
| Anonymous | Journal Article | 2020 | Books received - Proteus edited by Šarić, Jelić, Konrad, and Jalžić (2019) |
| Li. Z., Verbrugghe, E., Konstanjšek, R., Lukač, M., Pasmans, .F, Cizelj., I. and Martel, A. | Journal Article | 2020 | Dampened virulence and limited proliferation of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans during subclinical infection of the troglobiont olm (Proteus anguinus) |
| Gredar, T. | Thesis | 2020 | Development of non-destructive approaches for sex identification in the Proteus (Proteus anguinus, Urodela, Amphibia) |
| Lewarne, B. and Balázs, G. | Journal Article | 2020 | Observed air-breathing behaviour of Proteus anguinus individuals under an intermittent hypoxic scenario in their natural habitat, with details of the prevailing environmental conditions |
| Lewarne, B. and Allain, S.J.R. | Journal Article | 2020 | The unnatural history of cave olms Proteus anguinus in England |
| Whittaker, K. and Koo, M.S. | Web Page | 2021 | Proteus anguinus: Olm |
| Garasic, M. | Book | 2021 | The Dinaric Karst System of Croatia. Speleology and Cave Exploration |
| Niemiller, M.L., Carter, E.T., Fenolio, D.B., Gluesenkamp, A.G. and Phillips, J.G. | Book Section | 2022 | Subterranean colonisation and diversification of cave-dwelling salamanders |
| Niemiller, M.L., Carter, E.T., Gladstone, N.S., Niemiller, K.D.K., Hayter, L.E., Engel, A.S., Miller, B.T., and Fitzpatrick, B.M. | Journal Article | 2022 | The distribution, ecology, life history, and conservation status of the Berry Cave salamander (Gyrinophilus gulolineatus) |
| Tesarová, M., Mancini, L., Mauri, E., Aljancic, G., Naparus-Aljancic, M., Kostanjšek, R., Mali, L.B., Zikmund, T., Kaucká, M., Papi, F., Goyens, J., Bouchnita, A., Hellander, A. | Journal Article | 2022 | Living in darkness: Exploring adaptation of Proteus anguinus in 3 dimensions by X-ray imaging |
| Kostanjšek, R. et al. | Journal Article | 2022 | Towards the massive genome of Proteus anguinus, illuminating longevity, regeneration, convergent evolution and metabolic disorders |
| Guillaume, O. | Conference Paper | 2022 | The cave salamander Proteus anguinus in captivity in Moulis, France for the scientific research |
| Barzaghi, B., Ficetola, F.G., Mauri, E., Restaino, M., Lombardi, B. and Manenti, R. | Conference Paper | 2022 | Preliminary study on differences characterizes the populations of olm (Proteus anguinus) in cave and those found in epigean environment |
| Kostanjsek, R., Zaksek, V., Bizjak-Mali, L. and Trontelj, P. | Book Section | 2023 | Chapter 13. The olm (Proteus anguinus), a flagship groundwater species |
| Ravbar, N., Viršek, D. and Năpăruş-Aljančič, M. | Journal Article | 2023 | New locality of Proteus anguinus in the area of the Tabor Ridge near Grosuplje, central Slovenia |
| Petrescu-Mag, V. | Journal Article | 2023 | The olm (Proteus anguinus) and cave life |
| Voituron, Y., Guillaume, O., Dumet, A., Zahn. S and Criscuolo, F. | Journal Article | 2023 | Temperature-independent telomere lengthening with age in the long-lived human fish (Proteus anguinus) |
| Lewarne, B. and Allain, S.J.R. | Journal Article | 2023 | Attempted predation of a cave olm Proteus anguinus by a dice water snake Natrix tessellata, in Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Barzaghi, B. | Thesis | 2023 | Between light and darkness: The round-trip of surface and subterranean animals |
| Recknagel, H., Zakšek, V., Delić, T., Gorički, S. and Trontelj, P. | Journal Article | 2023 | Multiple transitions between realms shape relict lineages of Proteus cave salamanders |
| Manenti, R., Vinci, L., Barzaghi, B., Lombardi, B., Teodoro, C., Baglioni, L., Melotto, A. and Francesco Ficetola, G. | Journal Article | 2024 | Sit-and-wait foraging is not enough in food-deprived environments: evidence from groundwater and salamanders |
| Anonymous | Web Page | 2024 | Wikipedia: Olm |
| Hoover, H., Manenti, R. and Melotto, A. | Journal Article | 2024 | The role of experience in the visual and non-visual prey recognition of Fire Salamander populations from caves and streams |