Metadata

Proteus anguinus

Laurenti 1768

ORDERFAMILY
UrodelaProteidae

Note

First noted around 1689 (Valvasor 1689) and descibed by Laurenti (1768), these publications predate the discovery of the first subterranean fishes Amblyopsis spelaea and Typhlichthys subterranea around 1840 (Davidson 1840) by 151 years and 72 years respectively.

Synonyms

see below  

There are numerous synonyms, see the Amphibians of the World webpage for a full list

Common name is Olm, or The Olm. Also Čovječja Ribica, which translates as Human Fish

Country

Dinaric Karst

Habitat

This species is stygobitic (i.e. aquatic)

Systematics

The genus Proteus Laurenti 1768 is widely distributed on the eastern side of the Adriatic Sea and populations are currently found in Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia Herzegovina and probably also in Montenegro (Kostanjsek et al. 2023). Currently there is only one nominal species in the genus, Proteus anguinus Laurenti 1768 with two subspecies: P. anguinus anguinus Laurenti 1768 and P. anguinus parkelj  Sket and Arntzen 1994. The first of these subspecies in troglomorphic whereas the second is pigmented and known as the “black Proteus” or “black morph”. Populations are found over a linear northwest to southeast distance of 500km and it has been hypothesized several times that these are not all the same species. There is now clear genetic evidence that there are at least nine evolutionary significant units (ESUs) across this distribution and in due course it is highly likely that all of these nine will eventually be described as separate species with their own species names. Currently (see Kostanjsek et al. 2023 and Recknagel et al. 2023 for details) there are nine named ESUs:

Ljubljanica (containing the type locailty of P. anguinus which will eventually be the only species to bear this name)

Kras/Carso

Stiĉna

Dolenjska

Proteus anguinus parkelj

Istra

Lika

Krajina

Para-Littoral

Making 9 probable species in the genus. This will mean that there are currently 25 global species of subterranean Amphibia (16 in North and Central America and 9 in Europe).

Conservation Status

VU B2ab (ii,iii,v) [Proteus anguinus]

Internet Resources

Amphibians of the World

AmphibiaWeb

Wikipedia

Key References

In order to save time and resources all bibliographic details for the nine Proteus species are provided under the species account for Proteus anguinus. These references are all entirely relevant to all nine known species but nothing is gained by repeating them nine times

Valvasor J.W. Book 1689 Die Ehre des Herzogthums Crain.
Laurenti J.L. Book 1768 Specimen Medicum, Exhibens Synopin Reptilium Emendatam cum Experimentis circa Venena et Antidota Reptilium Austriacorum.
Schreibers, C. von. Journal Article 1801 A historical and anatomical description of a doubtful amphibious animal of Germany called by Laurenti Proteus anguineus
Configliachi, P. and Rusconi, M. Journal Article 1821 Observations on the natural history and structure of the Proteus anguinus. Section 6. On the organs of respiration
Configliachi, P. and Rusconi, M. Journal Article 1821 Observations on the Natural History and Structure of the Proteus anguinus
Hochenwart, F. Journal Article 1838 Proteus anguinus
Freyer, H. Journal Article 1846 Ueber eine neue Art von Hypochthon (Proteus)
Fitzinger, L. Journal Article 1850 Ueber den Proteus anguinus der Autoren
Chauvin, M. von Journal Article 1882 Vorläufige Mittheilung über die Fortpflanzung des Proteus anguineus
Chauvin, M. von Journal Article 1883 Der Art der Fortpflanzung des Proteus anguineus
Jurinac, A.E. Journal Article 1886 Prilog hrvatskoj fauni, Ogulinsko - slunjske okolice i pećina
Zeller, E. Journal Article 1888 Über die Larve des Proteus anguineus
Hess, C. Journal Article 1889 Beschreibung des Auges von Talpa europea und von Proteus anguineus
Dubois, P. Journal Article 1890 Perception des radiations lumineuses par la peau, chez les Protée aveugles des grottes de la Carniole
Kammerer, P. Journal Article 1907 Die Fortpflanzung des Grottenolmes (Proteus anguineus Lauenti)
Hirsch-Tabor, O. Journal Article 1908 Ueber das Gehirn von Proteus anguineus
Kammerer, P. Journal Article 1912 Experimente uber Fortpflanzung Farbe, Augen und Korperreduction bei Proteus anguinus Laur.
Gadeau de Kerville, H. Journal Article 1914 Note sur la régénération des pattes et de la queue chez le protée Anguillard (Proteus anguinus Laur.)
Karaman, Von Dr. St. Journal Article 1921 Beitrage zur Herpetologie von Jugoslavien
Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, V. Journal Article 1926 Lobanja človeške ribice (Proteus anguinus Laurenti)
Gadeau de Kerville, H. Journal Article 1926 Note sur un Protée anguillard (Proteus anguinus Laur.) ayant vécu huit ans sans aucune nourriture
Fejervary, G.J. Journal Article 1926 Note sur la variation du Protee et description d'individus provenants d'un nouvel habitat
Bolkay, Dr. St. J. Journal Article 1929 Ein Beitrag zur geographischen Verbreitung des Proteus anguinus Carrarae Fitzinger
Dudich, E. Journal Article 1932 Biologie der Aggteleker Tropfsteinhohle Baradla in Ungarn
Jordan, H.E. Journal Article 1932 The histology of the blood and the blood-forming tissues of the urodele, Proteus anguineus
Dudich, E. Journal Article 1933 Die speläobiologishe Station zu Postumia und ihre Bedeutung für die Höhlenkunde
Grošelj, P. Journal Article 1933 Kako so odkrili človeško ribico?
Hawes, R.S. Journal Article 1946 On the eyes and reactions to light of Proteus anquinus
Hecht, M.K. Journal Article 1957 A case of parallel evolution in salamanders
Hadži, J. Journal Article 1959 Ali je problem ploditve človeške ribice končno rešen?
Aljančič, M. Journal Article 1961 Biospeleološki laboratorij v jami Tular pri Kranju
Briegleb, W. Journal Article 1961 Die Spermatophore des Grottenolms
Briegleb, W. Journal Article 1962 Zur Biologie und Oekologie des Grottenolms (Proteus anguinus Laur. 1768)
Aljančič, M. Conference Paper 1962 Geografska razširjenost močerila (Proteus anguinus Laur.) in vprašanje njegovih ras
Briegleb, W. Journal Article 1963 Zur Kenntnis eines Ökotops von Proteus anguinus Laur.1768 (On the knowledge of the ecotope of the Proteus anguinus Laur. 1768)
Hadži, J. Journal Article 1963 Nova dostignuća o životu čovječje ribice
Aljančič, M. and Sket, B. Journal Article 1964 Primer akcidentalne superregeneracije pri močerilu (Proteus anguinus Laur.)
Aljančič, M. Journal Article 1964 Močeril vasuje
Hadži, J. Journal Article 1965 Bemerkungen zu einigen biospeläologischen Problemen des Dinarischen Karstes
Aljančič, M. Journal Article 1966 Henrik Freyer in človeška ribica
Abrami, G. Journal Article 1966 Osservazioni sulla distribuzione del Proteus anguinus
Frank, S. Journal Article 1969 Blind geboren ? Entwicklung und Ruckbildung des Auges bei einem blinden Hohlensalmler
Brandon, R.A. Journal Article 1969 Taxonomic relationship of the salamander genera Proteus and Necturus
Aljančič, M. Conference Paper 1969 Contribution a la connaissance de l' écotope du Protée
Gluščević, I. Journal Article 1969 Čovječja ribica u Neretvi
Gogala, M., Michieli, B. and Žener, B. Conference Paper 1969 Electrophysiological investigations of the reduced eye of Proteus anguinus
Janičić, A. Journal Article 1970 Nalazište čovječje ribice (Proteus anguinus Laur.) u vrelu radobolje kod Mostar
Čučković, S. Journal Article 1970 Od Prvih Nalazišta do Novijih Saznanja o Čovječijoj Ribici - Proteus anguinus Laur.
Istenič, L. Journal Article 1971 Izhodišče za Reševanje Ekološke Problematike Človeške Ribice (Proteus anguinus Laur.1768.) (Approach to the solution of the problem of the ecology of Proteus)
Durand, J.P. Journal Article 1971 Recherches sur l'appareil visuel du protee, Proteus anguinus Laurenti, urodele hypoge
Čučković, S. Journal Article 1972 Nekoliko reči o novim nalazištima čovječije ribice (Proteus anguinus)
Istenič, L. and Sojar, A. Journal Article 1972 Poraba kisika pri Močerilu - Proteus anguinus (Oxygen Consumption of Proteus anguinus)
Vornatscher, J. Journal Article 1972 Seit wann ist der Grottenolm bekannt?
Durand, J.P. Journal Article 1973 Development et involution oculaire de Proteus anguinus Laurenti Urodele cavernicole
Zener, B. Journal Article 1973 The light sensitivity of the cave salamander Proteus anguinus Laur.
Thines, G. and Durand, J. Journal Article 1973 Connaissances actuelles sur l'appareil sensoriel da la ligne laterale chez les vertebres cavernicoles aquatique
Istenič L. and Sojar A. Journal Article 1974 Poraba kisika pri močerilu (Proteus anguinus)
Istenič, L. and Ziegler, I. Journal Article 1974 Riboflavin as pigment in the skin of Proteus anguinus L.
Aljančič, M. Conference Paper 1974 Mikrotubuli kot citoskeletni in kontraktilni elementi v eritrocitih pri vrsti Proteus anguinus Laur.
Hecht, M.K. and Edwards, J.L Journal Article 1976 The determination of parallel or monophyletic relationships: The Proteid salamanders a test case
Durand, J.P. Journal Article 1976 Rudimentation des yeux chez les poissons et urodeles souterraines
Durand, J.P. Journal Article 1976 Recherches sur l'appareil visuel du Protee, Proteus anguinus Laurenti, Urodele hypoge
Durand, J.P. Journal Article 1976 Ocular Development and Involution in the European Cave Salamander, Proteus anguinus Laurenti
Istenič, L. Journal Article 1976 Ishodišče za reševanje ekološke problematike človeške ribice (Proteus anguinus Laur. 1768)
Istenič, L. Journal Article 1976 Endolimfatični organ pri močerilu (Proteus anguinus Laurentis, Urodela, Amphibia)
Istenič L. and Bulog B. Journal Article 1976 Anatomske raziskave membranskega labirinta pri močerilu (Proteus anguinus Laurenti, Urodela, Amphibia)
Sket, B. and Velkovrh, F. Journal Article 1978 The discovery of Proteus-eggs (Proteus anguinus Laurenti, Amphibia) in seminatural conditions
Istenič, L. and Bulog, B. Journal Article 1979 Strukturne diferenciacije ustno-žrelne sluznice pri močerilu (Proteus anguinus Laur.)
Istenič, L. Journal Article 1979 Pomanjkanje kisika v Putickovem jezeru Planinske jame (The oxygen deficit in Putick Lake of Planinska Jama)
Garasic, M. Conference Paper 1980 Pronadjena covjecja ribica (Proteus anguinus) u podzemnoj rijeci Rokine bezdane kod Jezerana u Lici
Kranjec, N. Thesis 1981 Razsirjenost in variabilnost mocerila (Proteus anguinus Laurenti)
Sojar, A., Istenič, L. and Musar, D. Journal Article 1981 Udisanje vazduha i problematika uloge pluća kod Proteus (Air Inhaling and problems of the role of lungs with the Proteus)
Durand, J.P. and Delay, B. Journal Article 1981 Influence of temperature on the development of Proteus anguinus (Caudata: Proteidae) and relation with its habitat in the subterranean world
Istenič, L. Journal Article 1981 Uopštevanje hidrokemijskih parametrov pri proučavanju adaptacij pri močerilu (Proteus anguinus Laur.: Urodela. Amphibia)
Durand, J.P. Journal Article 1982 Donnees et hypotheses sur l'evolution des Proteidae
Istenič, L. and Bulog, B. Journal Article 1984 Some evidence for the ampullary organs in the European cave salamander Proteus anguinus (Urodela, Amphibia)
Dremelj, L., Istenič, L. and Kosta, L. Conference Paper 1984 Podatki o nekaterih težkih kovinah v tkivih proteja (Proteus anguinus Laur.)
Aljančič, M. Journal Article 1984 Človeška ribica v dolenjskem krasu in njegovem obrobju
Istenič, L. Conference Paper 1986 Evidence of hypoxic conditions in the habitat of the cave salamander Proteus anguinus in the Planinska Jama
Aljančič, M., Habič, P. and Mihevc, A. Journal Article 1986 Črni močeril iz Bele krajine [The Black olm from White Carniola]
Bulog, B. Journal Article 1987 Ultrastructural studies of the inner ear sensory epithelia in the cave salamander Proteus anguinus (Urodela, Amphibia)
Durand, J.P and Parzefall, J. Journal Article 1987 Is the development of the rheotaxis in the blind cave Proteus?
Istenič, L. Journal Article 1987 O najdbi črne človeške ribice
Bulog, B. Journal Article 1988 Surface ultrastructure of the lateral line sensory receptors in Proteus anguinus Laur. (Urodela, Amphibia)
Bulog, B. Journal Article 1989 Differentiation of the inner ear sensory epithelia of Proteus anguinus (Urodela, Amphibia)
Bulog, B. Journal Article 1989 Tectorial Structures of the lnner Ear Sensory Epithelia of Proteus anguinus (Amphibia,Caudata)
Bulog, B. Journal Article 1990 Čutilni organi oktavolateralnega sistema pri proteju Proteus anguinus (Urodela, Amphibia). I Otični labirint.
Bulog, B. Conference Paper 1991 Preliminary study of the sensory organs of the Proteus sp. - black specimen (Urodela, Amphibia). The eye
Bulog, B. Journal Article 1992 Ultrastructural analysis of the retina of Proteus sp. - Dark pigmented specimens (Urodela, Amphibia)
Jalžić, B. Journal Article 1992 Biospeleološka istraživanja na području nacionalnog parka Krka
Uiblein, F., Durand, J.P., Juberthie, C. and Parzefall, J. Journal Article 1992 Predation in caves: the effects of prey immobility and darkness on the foraging behaviour of two salamanders, Euproctus asper and Proteus anguinus
Uiblein, F. and Parzefall, J. Journal Article 1993 Does the cave salamander Proteus anguinus detect mobile prey by mechanical cues?
Bulog, B. Conference Paper 1993 Ultrastructural analysis of the cristae ampullares of Proteus anguinus (Urodela, Amphibia)
Aljančič, M., Bulog, B., Kranjc, A., Josipovič, D., Sket, B. and Skoberne, P. Book 1993 Proteus – The Mysterious Ruler of Karst Darkness
Bulog, B. Journal Article 1994 Further studies of differentiation and degeneration of the inner ear sensory epithelia of Proteus anguinus (Urodela, Amphibia)
Sket, B. Book Section 1994 "Yugoslavia" (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia)
Bulog, B. Journal Article 1994 Dve desetletji funkcionalno-morfoloških raziskav pri močerilu (Proteus anguinus, Amphibia, Caudata)
Sket, B. and Arntzen, J.W. Journal Article 1994 A black, non-troglomorphic amphibian from the karst of Slovenia: Proteus anguinus parkelj n. ssp. (Urodela: Proteidae)
Grillitsch, H. and Tiedemann, F. Journal Article 1994 Die Grottenolm-Typen Leopold Fitzingers (Caudata: Proteidae: Proteus)
Bailon, S. Journal Article 1995 Presence de Mioproteus wezei Amphibia Proteidae dans le Pliocene superieur d'Europe de l'Ouest
Bulog, B. Journal Article 1995 Differentiation and degeneration of the inner ear sensory epithelia of Proteus anguinus (Urodela, Amphibia).
Juberthie, C., Durand, D. and Dupuy, M. Journal Article 1996 La reproduction des Protees (Proteus anguinus): Bilan de 35 ans D’elevage dans les grotteslaboratoires de Moulis et D’Aulignac
Bulog, B. Journal Article 1996 Ultrastructure of the endo-periotic double membrane in the inner ear of Proteus anguinus (Urodela, Amphibia)
Bulog, B. Journal Article 1996 Analyses of some microelements on the tissues of Proteus anguinus (Amphibia, Caudata) and in its habitat
Arntzen, J.W. and Sket, B. Journal Article 1996 Speak of the devil the taxonomic status of Proteus anguinus parkelj revisited
Kletecki, E., Jalzic, B. and Rada, T. Journal Article 1996 Distribution of the Olm (Proteus anguinus, Laur.) in Croatia
Aljančič, M. Journal Article 1996 Ob stoletnici rojstva prof. dr. Albina Seliškarja
Arntzen, J.W. and Sket, B. Journal Article 1997 Morphometric analysis of black and white European cave salamanders, Proteus anguinus
Bulog, B. Journal Article 1997 Preliminary studies of microelement accumulations in the tissues of Proteus anguinus (Amphibia, Caudata)
Sket, B. Journal Article 1997 Distribution of Proteus (Amphibia: Urodela: Proteidae) and its possible explanation
Aljančič, M. Journal Article 1997 Profesor Albin Seliškar in človeška ribica
Aljančič, M. Journal Article 1997 Pred dvesto leti so našli človeške ribice prvič v podzemlju
Aljancic, G. and Aljancic. M Journal Article 1998 Cloveska ribica (Proteus anguinus)
Šolaja, M., Pocrnjić, Z. and Topalić, L. Journal Article 1998 Uticaj termičke adaptacije na bazalni metabolizam Proteusa (Proteus anguinus). (Influence of thermal adaptation on the basal metabolism of Proteus)
Dumas, P. and Chris, B. Journal Article 1998 The olfaction in Proteus anguinus: a behavioural and cytological study
Durand, J.P. Book Section 1998 Amphibia
Guillaume, O., Durand, J. and Juberthie, C. Journal Article 1999 Spermatophores of Proteus anguinus (Caudata, Proteidae) and Euproctus asper (Caudata, Salamandridae)
Bressi, N., Aljančič, M. and Lapini, L. Journal Article 1999 Notes on presence and feeding of Proteus anguinus Laurenti, 1768 outside caves
Aljancic, G. and Bulog, B. Conference Paper 1999 Earth magnetic field orientation in Proteus anguinus (Amphibia: Urodela) using computer analysis
Tvrtkovic, N. Journal Article 1999 Cavernicole vertebrates of the Dinaric karst
Hervant, F., Mathieu, J. and Durand, J.P. Journal Article 2000 Metabolism and circadian rhythms of the European blind cave salamander Proteus anguinus and a facultative cave dweller, the Pyrenean newt (Euproctus asper)
Weber, A. Book Section 2000 Fish and amphibia
Guillaume, O. Journal Article 2000 Role of the chemical communication and the behavioural interactions among conspecifics in the choice of shelters by the cave dwelling Proteus anguinus L. (Caudata, Proteidae)
Bulog, B., Bizjak Mali, L., Kos, M., Mihajl, K., Prelovšek, P. M. and Aljančič, G. Journal Article 2000 Biology and functional morphology of Proteus anguinus (Amphibia, Caudata)
Bulog, B., Schlegel, P. Journal Article 2000 Functional morphology of the inner ear and underwater audiograms of Proteus anguinus
Gottstein-Matocec , S. and 18 other authors Book Section 2001 Croatia
Tvrtkovic, N. Book Section 2001 Threatened fauna of Croatia
Hervant, F., Mathieu, J. and Durand, J.P. Journal Article 2001 Circadian rhythmicity, respiration and behavior In hypogean and epigean salamanders
Hervant, F., Mathieu, J. and Durand, J.P. Journal Article 2001 Reducer metabolism, low activity rate and circadian rhytmicity in Proteus anguinus, comparison with Euproctus asper
Tercafs, R. Book 2001 The protection of the subterranean environment: Conservation principles and management tools
Hervant, F., Mathieu, J. and Durand, J. Journal Article 2001 Behavioural, physiological and metabolic responses to long-term starvation and refeeding in a blind cave-dwelling (Proteus anguinus) and a surface-dwelling (Euproctus asper) salamander
Kos, M., Bulog, B., Szél, Á. and Röhlich, P. Journal Article 2001 Immunocytochemical demonstration of visual pigments in the degenerate retinal and pineal photoreceptors of the blind cave salamander (Proteus anguinus).
Bulog, B., Mihajl, K., Jeran, Z. and Toman, M.J. Journal Article 2002 Trace element concentrations in the tissues of Proteus anguinus (Amphibia, Caudata) and the surrounding environment
Gottstein Matočec, S., Bakran-Petricioli, T., Bedek, J., Bukovec, D., Buzjak, S., Franičević, M., Jalžić, B., Kerovec, M., Kletečki, E., Kralj, J., Kružić, P., Kučinić, M., Kuhta, M., Matočec, N., Ozimec, R., Rađa, T., Ternjen, I. and Tvrtković, N Journal Article 2002 An overview of the cave and interstitial biota of Croatia
Kletecki, E., Jalzic, B. and Rada, T. Book Section 2002 Amphibia
Bizjak Mali, L. and Bulog, B. Conference Paper 2002 Morphological analysis of the liver of Proteus anguinus (Amphibia, Urodela) the effect of starvation on the ultrastructure of the hepatocytes
Dobrovoljc, K., Falnoga, I., Bulog, B., Tušek-Žnidarič, M. and Ščančar, J. Journal Article 2003 Hepatic metallothioneins in two neotenic salamanders, Proteus anguinus and Necturus masculosus (Amphibia, Caudata)
Bouquerel, H. and Valet J.P. Journal Article 2003 Is the Blind Cave Salamander Proteus anguinus Equipped for Magnetic Orientation?
Griffiths, H.I., Krystufek, B. and Reed, J.M. Book 2004 Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot
Banarescu, P.M. Book Section 2004 Distribution pattern of the aquatic fauna of the Balkan peninsula
Grosse, W.R. Book Section 2004 Grottenolm – Proteus anguinus (Laurenti, 1768)
Bulog, B. Book Section 2004 Amphibia: Proteus
Bressi, N. Journal Article 2004 Underground and unknown: updated distribution, ecological notes and conservation guidelines on the Olm Proteus anguinus anguinus in Italy (Amphibia, Proteidae)
Weber, A. Book Section 2004 Amphibia
Bizjak Mali, L. and Bulog, B. Journal Article 2004 Histology and ultrastructure of the gut epithelium of the neotenic cave salamander, Proteus anguinus (Amphibia, Caudata)
Gams, I, Book 2004 Kras v Sloveniji
Sket, B., Paragamian, K. and Trontelj, P. Book Section 2004 A census of the obligate subterranean fauna of the Balkan peninsula
Sket, B. Book Section 2004 Dinaric Karst: Biospeleology
Sket, B. Book Section 2005 Dinaric Karst, Diversity in
Durand, J.P. Book Section 2005 Salamanders
Gorički, Š. and Trontelj, P. Journal Article 2006 Structure and evolution of the mitochondrial control region and flanking sequences in the European cave salamander Proteus anguinus
Gorički, Š. Thesis 2006 Phylogeographic and morphological analysis of European cave salamander (Proteus anguinus) populations
Aljančič, M. Journal Article 2007 Žiga Zois in človeška ribica
Trontelj, P., Gorički, Š., Polak, S., Verovnik, R., Zakšek, V. and Sket, B. Journal Article 2007 Age estimates for some subterranean taxa and lineages in the Dinaric Karst
Trontelj, P., Gorički, Š., Polak, S., Verovnik, R., Zakšek, V. and Sket, B. Conference Paper 2007 Age estimates for some subteranean taxa and lineages in the Dinaric karst
Bulog, B. Journal Article 2007 Okoljske in funkcionalno-morfološke raziskave močerila Proteus anguinus
Aljancic, G. Journal Article 2008 Jamski laboratorij Tular in cloveska ribica
Yoshizawa, M., Soares, D., Goricki, S., Ashida, G. and Jeffery, W.R. Conference Paper 2009 Evolution of adaptive behaviours in the cavefish Astyanax
Arntzen, J.W., Denoël, M., Miaud, C., Andreone, F., Vogrin, M., Edgar, P. and Corti, C. Book Section 2009 Proteus anguinus
Issartel, J., Hervant, F., de Fraipont, M., Clobert, J.and Voituron, Y. Journal Article 2009 High anoxia tolerance in the subterranean salamander Proteus anguinus without oxidative stress nor activation of antioxidant defenses during reoxygenation
Trontelj, P., Douady, C.J., Fišer, C., Gibert, J., Gorički, Š., Lefébure, T., Sket, B. and Zakšek, V. Journal Article 2009 A molecular test for cryptic diversity in ground water: How large are the ranges of macro-stygobionts?
Bendik, N.F., Gluesenkamp, A.G. and Chippindale, P.T. Conference Paper 2009 The biogeography and rapid radiation of central Texas neotenic salamanders
Schlegel, P.A., Steinfartz, S. and Bulog, B. Journal Article 2009 Non-visual sensory physiology and magnetic orientation in the blind cave salamander, Proteus anguinus (and other cave-dwelling urodele species): review and new results on light-sensitivity and non-visual orientation in subterranean urodeles (Amphibia)
Jalzic, B., Lackovic, D., Rada, T. and Gottstein, S. Journal Article 200x Biospeleoloska i speleoloska istrazivanja donjeg toka rijeke Neretve
Avguštin, G., Gramc, S., Bizjak Mali, L., Bulog, B. and Avguštin, J.A. Conference Paper 2010 The structure and diversity of the microbial community inhabiting the gut of the olm (Proteus anguinus)
Božič, D. Journal Article 2010 Neznani sliki človeške ribice v Narodnem muzeju Slovenije v Ljubljani
Issartel, J., Voituron, Y., Guillaume, O., Clobert, J. and Hervant, F. Journal Article 2010 Selection of physiological and metabolic adaptations to food deprivation in the Pyrenean newt Calotriton asper during cave colonisation
Bizjak Mali, L., Talaber, I, Žibert, U. and Bulog, B. Conference Paper 2010 Oogenesis in Proteus: stages of oocyte development
Bizjak Mali, L. and Bulog, B. Journal Article 2010 Ultrastructure of previtellogene oocytes in the neotenic cave salamander Proteus anguinus anguinus (Amphibia, Urodela, Proteidae)
Aljancic, G. Conference Paper 2010 Fifty years of Tular Cave laboratory
Pezdirc, M., Heath, E., Mali, L.B. and Bulog, B. Journal Article 2011 PCB accumulation and tissue distribution in cave salamander (Proteus anguinus anguinus, Amphibia, Urodela) in the polluted karstic hinterland of the Krupa River, Slovenia
Trožić, E., Trožić, E. and Trožić, N. Conference Paper 2011 Čovječja Ribica (Proteus anguinus) u Vodama Karstnih Špilja Jelašinovačkog Polja
Hudoklin, A. Book Section 2011 Are we guaranteeing the favourable status of the Proteus anguinus in the Natura 2000 network in Slovenia?
Dvorščak, K. Journal Article 2011 Zgodovina predstavljanja človeške ribice v Postojnski jami
Voituron, Y., de Fraipont, M., Issartel, J., Guillaume, O. and Clobert, J. Journal Article 2011 Extreme lifespan of the human fish (Proteus anguinus): a challenge for ageing mechanisms
Bizjak Mali, L., Bulog, B. Conference Paper 2011 Follicular ovarian atresia in the olm (Proteus anguinus anguinus)
Aljancic, G. Conference Paper 2012 The 250th anniversary of the first scientific description of Proteus anguinus
Goricki, S., Niemiller, M.L. and Fenolio, D.B. Book Section 2012 Salamanders
Hajna, N.Z. Book Section 2012 Dinaric Karst: Geography and geology
Sket, B. Book Section 2012 Diversity patterns in the Dinaric karst
Hervant, F. Book Section 2012 Starvation in subterranean species versus surface-dwelling species: Crustaceans, Fish, and Salamanders
Ivanović, A., Aljančič, G. and Arntzen, J.W. Journal Article 2013 Skull shape differentiation of black and white olms (Proteus anguinus anguinus and Proteus a. parkelj): An exploratory analysis with micro-CT scanning
Bonett, R.M., Trujano-Alvarez, A.L., Williams, M.J. and Timpe, E.K. Journal Article 2013 Biogeography and body size shuffling of aquatic salamander communities on a shifting refuge
Manenti, R. and Ficetola, G.F. Journal Article 2013 Salamanders breeding in subterranean habitats: local adaptations or behavioural plasticity?
Bizjak Mali, L., Talaber, I, Žibert, U., Ceket, D., Habič, L. and Bulog, B. Journal Article 2013 Oogenesis of the olm
Bizjak Mali, L., Sepčić, K. and Bulog, B. Journal Article 2013 Long-term starvation in cave salamander effects on liver ultrastructure and energy reserve mobilization
Aljancic, G., Goricki, S., Kuntner, M., Merslyakov, L., Naparus-Aljancic, M., Pavicevic, M. and Stankovic, D. Book Section 2014 Endagered Proteus: combining DNA and GIS analyses fot its conservation
Aljančič, G., Gorički, Š., Kuntner, M., Merzlyakov, L., Năpăruş-Aljančič, M., Pavićević, M. and Stanković, D. Journal Article 2014 A survey of the distribution of Proteus anguinus by environmental DNA sampling
Jelić, D. et al. Journal Article 2014 A survival blueprint for Olm, Proteus anguinus
Sessions, S., Bulog, B. and Mali, L.B. Journal Article 2015 The phoenix rises: Reversal of cave adaptations in the blind cave salamander, Proteus anguinus?
Balázs, G., Lewarne, B. and Herczeg, G. Journal Article 2015 In situ Underwater Tagging of Aquatic Organisms: A Test Using the Cave-Dwelling Olm, Proteus anguinus
Jelić, D., Kuljerić, M., Koren, T., Treer, D., Šalamon, D., Lončar, M., Podnar Lešić, M., Janev Hutinec, B., Bogdanović, T., Mekinić, S. and Jelić, K. Book 2015 Crvena knjiga vodozemaca i gmazova Hrvatske. Ministarstvo zaštite okoliša i prirode
Sessions, S.K., Bizjak Mali, L., Green, D.M., Trifonov, V. and Ferguson-Smith, M. Journal Article 2016 Evidence for sex chromosome turnover in proteid salamanders
Niemiller, M.L., Zigler, K.S., Stephen, C.D.R., Carter, E.T., Paterson, A.T., Taylor, S.J. and Engel, A.S. Journal Article 2016 Vertebrate fauna in caves of eastern tennessee within the Appalachians karst region, USA
Trontelj, P. and Zakšek, V. Journal Article 2016 Genetic monitoring of Proteus populations
Bizjak Mali. L. and Bulog, B. Journal Article 2016 Functional morphology and environmental studies on Proteus
Aljancic, G. and Aljancic. M Journal Article 2016 International workshop. SOS Proteus: Implementation of mnitoring and practical actions for the conservation of Proteus in Slovenia
Aljancic, G., Aljancic. M. and Golob, Z. Journal Article 2016 Salvaging the washed-out Proteus
Prelovšek, M. Journal Article 2016 Proteus survival close to an industrial, agricultural and urbanized basin - the case of Kočevsko polje
Kostanjšek, R., Gunde Cimerman, N. and Bizjak Mali, L. Journal Article 2017 Microbial and parasitic threats to Proteus
Aljancic, G. Journal Article 2017 Trideset let od odkritja crne cloveske ribice
Kovač Konrad, P. and Šarić, K.K. Journal Article 2017 The deepest finding of an olm (Proteus anguinus): Zagorska peć, Ogulin, Croatia
Bizjak Mali, L., Dolenc-Batagelj, K., Gnezda, P., Weldt, S. and Sessions, S. Conference Paper 2017 Moving away from the ''cave lab paradigm'': successful captive breeding and raising of the European blind cave salamander Proteus anguinus using ''optimal artificial'' conditions
Bonacci, O. Book 2017 Karst Hydrology : With Special Reference to the Dinaric Karst
Trontelj, P. and Zakšek, V. Journal Article 2017 A leap forward in the conservation genetics of Proteus populations
Gorički, S., Stanković, D., Snoj, A., Kuntner, M., Jeffery, W.R., Trontelj, P., Pavićević, M., Grizelj, Z., Năpăruş-Aljančič, M. and Aljančič, G. Journal Article 2017 Environmental DNA in subterranean biology: range extension and taxonomic implications for Proteus
Fišer, Ž., Naparus-Aljancic, M., Zakšek, V. and Aljancic, G. Journal Article 2017 The utility of non-genetic data collected during genetic monitoring of Proteus populations
Vörös, J., Márton, O., Schmidt, B.R., Gál, J.T., & Jelić, D. Journal Article 2017 Surveying Europe's only cave-dwelling chordate species (Proteus anguinus) using environmental DNA.
Gredar, T. and Bizjak Mali, L. Journal Article 2017 Cultivation and morphology of blood cells of the olm Proteus anguinus
Gredar, T. and Bizjak Mali, L. Conference Paper 2017 A non-destructive approach for monitoring the health status in the European Blind Cave Salamander, Proteus anguinus: Differential counts of white blood cells from blood smears
Bizjak-Mali, L. Journal Article 2017 Variability of testes morphology and the presence of testis-ova in the European blind cave salamander (Proteus anguinus)
Balázs, G. and Lewarne, B. Journal Article 2017 Observations on the olm Proteus anguinus population of the Vrelo Vruljak System (Eastern Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Năpăruș-Aljančič, M., Gorički, Š., Stanković, D., Kuntner, M. and Aljančič, G. Journal Article 2017 GIS analysis to assess the groundwater habitat pollution of black proteus
Holtze, S., Lukac, M., Cizelj, I., Mutschmann, F., Szentiks, C.A., Jelic, D., Hermes, R., Göritz, F., Braude, S. and Hildebrandt, T.B. Journal Article 2017 Monitoring health and reproductive status of olms (Proteus anguinus) by ultrasound
Hudoklin, A. and Aljancic, G. Journal Article 2017 Pregled razširjenosti človeške ribice ter njenega odkrivanja na nizkem dolenjskem krasu
Ipsen, A. and Knolle, F. Journal Article 2017 The olm of Hermann’s Cave, Harz Mountains, Germany – eggs laid after more than 80 years
Zakšek, V. and Trontelj, P. Journal Article 2017 Conservation genetics of Proteus in the Postojna-Planina Cave System
Aljancic, G., Aljancic. M. and Trontelj, P. Journal Article 2017 Second International meeting SOS Proteus. Conservation of the black Proteus and its habitat - 30 years after its discovery
Bizjak Mali, L., Zalar, P., Turk, M., Novak Babic, M., Kostanjšek, R. and Gunde-Cimerman, N. Journal Article 2018 Opportunistic fungal pathogens isolated from a captive individual of the European blind cave salamander Proteus anguinus
Gladstone, N.S., Carter, E.T., Niemiller, K.D.K., Hayter, L.E. and Niemiller, M.L. Journal Article 2018 A new maximum body size record for the Berry Cave Salamander (Gyrinophilus gulolineatus) and genus Gyrinophilus (Caudata, Plethodontidae) with a comment on body size in plethodontid salamanders
Jelic, D. Book Section 2018 Croatia.Cave Fauna. IX 1. Cave aquatic fauna
Gredar, T., Prša, P. and Bizjak Mali, L. Journal Article 2018 Comparative analysis of hematological parameters in wild and captive Proteus anguinus.
Grosse, W. R., Ipsen, A., Guillaume, O. and Aljančič, G. Book Section 2018 Proteus anguinus Laurenti, 1768 – Cave salamander
Vörös, J., Ursenbacher, S. and Jelić, D. Journal Article 2018 Population genetic analyses using 10 new polymorphic microsatellite loci confirms genetic subdivision within the olm, Proteus anguinus
Zakšek, V., Konec, M. and Trontelj, P. Journal Article 2018 First microsatellite data on Proteus anguinus reveal weak genetic structure between the caves of Postojna and Planina
Amin, O.M., Heckmann, R.A., Fišer, Ž., Zakšek, V., Herlyn, H. and Kostanjšek, R. Journal Article 2019 Description of Acanthocephalus anguillae balkanicus subsp. n. (Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) from Proteus anguinus Laurenti (Amphibia: Proteidae) and the cave ecomorph of Asellus aquaticus (Crustaca: Asellidae) in Slovenia
Saric, K.K. Book Section 2019 Species distribution - Introduction
Gorički, Š., Niemiller, M.L., Fenolio, D.B. and Gluesenkamp, AG. Book Section 2019 Salamanders
Bressi, N. Book Section 2019 Italy - A brief historical review of research
Aljancic, G., Golob, Z., Naparus-Aljancic, M., Turk, T. Kibib, N., Vek, M., Kostanjsek, R. and Grunde-Cimerman, N. Conference Paper 2019 Mitigating the potential risk of chytridiomtcete fungi and ranavirus infection at the sanctuary for injured Proteus (Proteus anguinus) of the Tular cave laboratory
Aljancic, G. Book Section 2019 Slovenia - A brief historical review of research
Saric, K.K., Jalzic, B. and Jelic, D. Book Section 2019 Croatia - a brief historical review of research
Saric, K.K. Book Section 2019 Montenegro - a brief historical review of research
Budic, M. Book Section 2019 The Dinaric Karst phenomenon
Saric, K.K. and Jelic, D. Book Section 2019 Structure and anatomy
Bozic, V. Book Section 2019 Speleological research in Croatia
Konrad, P.K., Jelic, D., Jalzik, B. and Jalzic, V. Book Section 2019 Appendix 1. Cave system Rupecia-Smitovo Lake
Saric, K.K. and Jelic, D. Book Section 2019 Physiology
Konrad, P.K. and Cukusic, I. Book Section 2019 Cave diving in Croatia
Gredar, T., Leonardi, A., Novak, M., Sepcic, K., Bizjak- Mali, L., Križaj, I. and Kostanjšek, R. Journal Article 2019 Vitellogenin in the European cave salamander, Proteus anguinus: Its characterization and dynamics in a captive female as a basis for non-destructive sex identification
Lewarne, B. and Balázs, G. Book Section 2019 Bosnia and Herzegovina - a brief historical review of research
Saric, K.K. and Aljancic, G. Book Section 2019 Reproductive biology
Bedek, J. and Lukic, M. Book Section 2019 Speleobiological research on invertebrates in Croatia
Balazs, G., Lewarne, B. and Herczeg, G. Book Section 2019 Appendix 2. CMR (Capture-Mark-Recapture) study of Proteus anguinus in Vruljak I Cave (Bosnia and Herzegovina - RS)
Konrad, P.K. and Saric, K.K. Book Section 2019 Appendix 1. Introduction to Proteus research in Croatia as a part of a project "Karst - the Dinaric Arc karst biodiversity conservation programme"
Basara, D., Cvitanovic, H. and Saric, K.K. Book Section 2019 Speleological publications
Šarić, K.K., Jelić, D., Konrad, P.K. and Jalžić, B. Book 2019 Proteus
Holtze, S., Lukac, M., Cizelj, I., Mutschmann, F., Szentiks, C.A., Jelic, D., hermes, R., Goritz, F., Braude, S. and Hilderbtandt, T.B. Book Section 2019 Appendix 5. Ultrasonography as a method for monitoring health and reproductive conditions of Proteus
Jelic, D. and Saric, K.K. Book Section 2019 Introduction
Aljančič, G. Journal Article 2019 History of research on Proteus anguinus Laurenti 1768 in Slovenia
Hajna, N.Z. Book Section 2019 Dinaric karst - Geography and geology
Sremac, J. and Karaica, B. Book Section 2019 Evolution and phylogenetic relationships
Kostanjšek, R., Prodan, Y., Stres, B. and Trontelj, P. Journal Article 2019 Composition of the cutaneous bacterial community of a cave amphibian, Proteus anguinus
Brancelj, A., Mori, N., Treu, F. and Stoch, F. Journal Article 2019 The groundwater fauna of the Classical Karst: hydrogeological indicators and descriptors
Saric, K.K. and Jelic, D. Book Section 2019 Proteus anguinus species
Saric, K.K. Book Section 2019 Habitat
Kolar, B. Journal Article 2019 The threshold concentration for nitrate in groundwater as a habitat of Proteus anguinus
Sket, B. Book Section 2019 Proteus' co-residents
Saric, K.K., Jelic, D. and Aljancic, G. Book Section 2019 A brief historical review of Proteus research in the Dinaric Karst
Anonymous Journal Article 2020 Books received - Proteus edited by Šarić, Jelić, Konrad, and Jalžić (2019)
Lewarne, B. and Balázs, G. Journal Article 2020 Observed air-breathing behaviour of Proteus anguinus individuals under an intermittent hypoxic scenario in their natural habitat, with details of the prevailing environmental conditions
Lewarne, B. and Allain, S.J.R. Journal Article 2020 The unnatural history of cave olms Proteus anguinus in England
Mulec, J. Journal Article 2020 Interview with Rok Kotanjšek and Nina Gunde-Cimerman. Welcome to the -omics era of the 21st century: will Proteus anguinus finally reveal all its mysteries?
Balázs, G., Lewarne, B. and Herczeg, G. Journal Article 2020 Extreme site fidelity of the olm (Proteus anguinus) revealed by a long-term capture–mark–recapture study
Li. Z., Verbrugghe, E., Konstanjšek, R., Lukač, M., Pasmans, .F, Cizelj., I. and Martel, A. Journal Article 2020 Dampened virulence and limited proliferation of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans during subclinical infection of the troglobiont olm (Proteus anguinus)
Gredar, T. Thesis 2020 Development of non-destructive approaches for sex identification in the Proteus (Proteus anguinus, Urodela, Amphibia)
Garasic, M. Book 2021 The Dinaric Karst System of Croatia. Speleology and Cave Exploration
Kostanjšek, R., Turk, M., Vek, M., Gutierrez-Aguirre, I. and Gunde Cimerman, N. Journal Article 2021 First screening for Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, B. salamandrivorans and Ranavirus infections in wild and captive amphibians in Slovenia
Whittaker, K. and Koo, M.S. Web Page 2021 Proteus anguinus: Olm
Tesarová, M., Mancini, L., Mauri, E., Aljancic, G., Naparus-Aljancic, M., Kostanjšek, R., Mali, L.B., Zikmund, T., Kaucká, M., Papi, F., Goyens, J., Bouchnita, A., Hellander, A. Journal Article 2022 Living in darkness: Exploring adaptation of Proteus anguinus in 3 dimensions by X-ray imaging
Kostanjšek, R. et al. Journal Article 2022 Towards the massive genome of Proteus anguinus, illuminating longevity, regeneration, convergent evolution and metabolic disorders
Guillaume, O. Conference Paper 2022 The cave salamander Proteus anguinus in captivity in Moulis, France for the scientific research
Barzaghi, B., Ficetola, F.G., Mauri, E., Restaino, M., Lombardi, B. and Manenti, R. Conference Paper 2022 Preliminary study on differences characterizes the populations of olm (Proteus anguinus) in cave and those found in epigean environment
Niemiller, M.L., Carter, E.T., Fenolio, D.B., Gluesenkamp, A.G. and Phillips, J.G. Book Section 2022 Subterranean colonisation and diversification of cave-dwelling salamanders
Niemiller, M.L., Carter, E.T., Gladstone, N.S., Niemiller, K.D.K., Hayter, L.E., Engel, A.S., Miller, B.T., and Fitzpatrick, B.M. Journal Article 2022 The distribution, ecology, life history, and conservation status of the Berry Cave salamander (Gyrinophilus gulolineatus)
Zalar, P., Gubenšek, A., Gostinˇcar, C., Kostanjšek, R., Bizjak-Mali, L. and Gunde-Cimerman, N. Journal Article 2022 Cultivable skin mycobiota of healthy and diseased blind cave salamander (Proteus anguinus)
Recknagel, H., Zakšek, V., Delić, T., Gorički, S. and Trontelj, P. Journal Article 2023 Multiple transitions between realms shape relict lineages of Proteus cave salamanders
Lewarne, B. and Allain, S.J.R. Journal Article 2023 Attempted predation of a cave olm Proteus anguinus by a dice water snake Natrix tessellata, in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kostanjsek, R., Zaksek, V., Bizjak-Mali, L. and Trontelj, P. Book Section 2023 Chapter 13. The olm (Proteus anguinus), a flagship groundwater species
Barzaghi, B. Thesis 2023 Between light and darkness: The round-trip of surface and subterranean animals
Ravbar, N., Viršek, D. and Năpăruş-Aljančič, M. Journal Article 2023 New locality of Proteus anguinus in the area of the Tabor Ridge near Grosuplje, central Slovenia
Petrescu-Mag, V. Journal Article 2023 The olm (Proteus anguinus) and cave life
Di Lorenzo, T., Avramov, M., Galassi, D.M.P., Iepure, S., Mammola, S., Reboleira, A.S.P.S and Hervant, F. Book Section 2023 Chapter 20. Physiological tolerance and ecotoxicological constraints of groundwater fauna
Voituron, Y., Guillaume, O., Dumet, A., Zahn. S and Criscuolo, F. Journal Article 2023 Temperature-independent telomere lengthening with age in the long-lived human fish (Proteus anguinus)
Fuerst-Bjeliš, B., Mrgić, J., Petrić, H., Zorn, M. and Zwitter, Z. Book 2024 Environmental histories of the Dinaric Karst
Hoover, H., Manenti, R. and Melotto, A. Journal Article 2024 The role of experience in the visual and non-visual prey recognition of Fire Salamander populations from caves and streams
Gredar, T., Šarac, A., Prša, P., Fišer, Z., Kostanjšek, R. and Bizjak Mali, L. Journal Article 2024 Morphology and differential counts of blood cells as important health indicators in the olm, Proteus anguinus
Scapolatiello, A., Grgić, M., Greco, S., Puljas, S., Bilandžija, H. and Gerdol,M. Journal Article 2024 Congeria in the Dinaric Karst: Conservation and scientific study of a unique cavedwelling bivalve genus
IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group Book 2024 Amphibian conservation action plan: A status review and roadmap for global amphibian conservation
Manenti, R., Vinci, L., Barzaghi, B., Lombardi, B., Teodoro, C., Baglioni, L., Melotto, A. and Francesco Ficetola, G. Journal Article 2024 Sit-and-wait foraging is not enough in food-deprived environments: evidence from groundwater and salamanders
Anonymous Web Page 2024 Wikipedia: Olm
Di Lorenzo, T., Mori, M. and Simčič, T. Journal Article 2024 Metabolic rates of groundwater species as a function of body mass and temperature
Di Lorenzo, T., Mori, N. and Simčič, T. Web Page 2024 Dataset for “Metabolic rates of groundwater species as a function of body mass and temperature”